Super Heroes in the Epic of Gilgamesh - 676 Words

The Super two Heroes Epics have been around for centuries until this present time and considered typically from oral tradition, narrating the deeds and adventure of legendary figures. Forever it will be until the end of the world. Because one key concept of an epic is the presence of a hero and yet they are able to withstand all the trials and challenges they may go through. Who will convince the gods on your behalf that you may find the life you are seeking? Love as a motivating force, the inevitable of death and the gods are also dangerous if you fall into victim. The epic of Gilgamesh is one of the earliest pieces of poem written on twelve different clay tables which remained one of the most prominent stories in world today. Number of this poetry wrote about Gilgamesh present him as a ruler of his people in Uruk which is called today Iraq. â€Å"The priest will bless the young couple, the guests will rejoice, the bridegroom will step aside, and the virgin will wait in the marriage bed for Gilgamesh, the king of great-walled Uruk.† Gilgamesh a king whose desire is to sleep with the virgins and treat people so badly provoked the gods to fulfill the wish of the people by creating Enkidu who possess supernatural strength to fight Gilgamesh. Within a period of time Gilgamesh and Enkidu united to become more than friends. They took upon themselves hazardous task and killed the monster Humbaba which Gilgamesh purposely chose to slay simply for the glory of it. Later,Show MoreRelated Comparing the Hero in Epic of Gilgamesh and Homers Iliad Ess ay730 Words   |  3 PagesThe Hero in Epic of Gilgamesh and the Iliad    One and the same lot for the man who hangs back and the man who battles hard. The same honor waits for the coward and the brave. They both go down to Death, the fighter who shirks, the one who works to exhaustion. (IX,385-88) Thus muses Achilles, one of epic poetrys greatest heroes. Epic poetry, one of the earliest forms of literature, began as an oral narration describing a series of mythical or historic events. EventuallyRead MoreEpic Of Gilgamesh : The Epic Hero1641 Words   |  7 PagesGilgamesh is an ancient Mesopotamian hero, featured in the famous tale of â€Å"The Epic of Gilgamesh†, who embarks on a perilous quest for immortality. This idea, â€Å"†¦touches on the most fundamental questions of what it actually means to be human†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Homer 33), and gives us light into the minds of the people during the era. Gilgamesh’s tale gives us a glimpse at how the people of that day viewed a â€Å"hero†, and allows us to reflect upon what we consider a â€Å"hero† today. Using the Epic Hero Cycle, I will analyzeRead MoreThe Epic Of Epic Heroes2181 Words   |  9 Pagesthe traits of epic heroes represent an integral part of ancient literature. In fact, wha t would literature be without epic heroes? How different would The Odyssey be if Odysseus never went on his epic journey? Would the epic poem Beowulf still be read today if the character Beowulf never challenged Grendel and Grendel’s mother? In the story, The Epic of Gilgamesh, characters, both men and women, exhibit characteristics that could be considered heroic, but do they represent epic heroes? Applying a characterRead More The Transcending Characteristics of a Mythical Hero Essay1520 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Sumerians, predecessors of the Persians, there exists a startling parallelism in imagery and themes of the myths of the respective peoples. The epics of Heracles and Gilgamesh are an exceptionally good example of these similarities. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One cannot know with a certainty whether the original creator of the epic of Gilgamesh, whose name is lost in time, or Shin-eqi-unninni, the scribe with whose version we are familiar today, knew anything of the legend of Heracles. HoweverRead MoreCharacteristics Of Gilgamesh1021 Words   |  5 Pages A hero can be anyone. A hero does not have to be a super hero that is on TV or in the movies. A hero can be anyone who is admired for his or her courage and outstanding achievements. A hero can be a parent, a family member, a friend, or even a doctor. A hero is a person who comes into another persons life to help and encourage the other person. The hero can have a significant effect on any person. They could have helped a person when he or she was having a hard time or they saved them from an accidentRead MoreSimilarities Between The Monkey King And Gilgamesh1536 Words   |  7 Pagesglobe. Gilgamesh and the Monkey King are two different stories from different background settings and they are in one way or the other similar and at the same time they have distinctive features as the narrators try to put across their points to the readers of these stories. This essay will examine some of the things which are common between the Handsome Monkey King and Gilgamesh. In addition to, this essay will try to explain the reasons which are making these two characters untypical heroes. TypicallyRead MoreComparing The Epics And The Epic Heroes2376 Words   |  10 PagesComparison of the Epics In every epic, there are common themes that present themselves throughout the story, such as war. The epics Gilgamesh, Beowulf, and The Mahabharata, share similar characteristics in terms of their strength, values, and journeys. In each of the epics that will be discussed, there is the occurrence of fighting for honor and to have a legacy. The epic heroes follow many of the guidelines that Joseph Campbell has written in his book Hero with a Thousand Faces. Joseph CampbellRead MoreThe Dark is Rising Series1373 Words   |  6 PagesIn every epic journey there are a series of events which the hero must go through if he is to become the ultimate hero. One of the most important parts in the epic journey is the descent into darkness or hell. Hell is a place where the hero travels to a dark place to learn about himself or to find very key information about his quest. However there is one common theme. The theme is the hero learns some valuable lessons. He or she learns how the underworld helps him to achieve the symbolic death andRead MoreAnalysis Of Beowulf As A Heroic Epic779 Words   |  4 Pageshero is somebody who voluntarily walks into the unknown†. Stories about such heroes have been told for centuries. In fact, heroistic ideals are sometimes the basis of a society. The Anglo-Saxon people are a prime example of the previous statement. In Anglo-Saxon culture, being called a hero was an honor. Heroes were treated like kings. One of the most popular hero stories that bled into Anglo-Saxon life was the heroic epic of Beowulf. Beowulf was the perfect example of an Anglo-Saxon hero as he wasRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And The Iliad2165 Words   |  9 PagesInstructors’ Name Course Name Date Gilgamesh and Achilles as Portrayed in the Writings â€Å"Epic of Gilgamesh† and â€Å"The Iliad† â€Å"Epic of Gilgamesh† and â€Å"The Iliad† presented conflict between the ancient kings, the gods, and finest warriors with other ordinary community members. Throughout the writings Gilgamesh, the king of Uru Community, and Achilles, one of the greatest Greek warriors, struggled to resolve the conflicts between the gods and their community members. However, Gilgamesh misused his powers to a point

The Road Through The Wall By Shirley Jackson - 1897 Words

Shirley Jackson was born in San Francisco, California on December 14th 1916. From an early age she was at odds with her parents expectations. Within these expectations her mother had an obsession with appearance that put her further away from her. Jackson began writing in 1930 as a teenager and grew up in a suburban atmosphere; this later became the subject of her first novel â€Å"The Road through the Wall† in 1948. From California she moved cross country to Rochester, New York in 1934. Her university education began at the University of Rochester in 1936 but withdrew that same year. Jackson reentered the following year, 1937, to Syracuse University. This is where her writing blossomed. As an undergraduate her story â€Å"Janice† was published in the Syracuse University magazine in 1938 and the following year won second prize in a poetry contest. Jackson began a literary journey, Spectre, with Stanley Edgar Hyman and was in a romantic relationship with him as well. In 1940, the same year she graduated, with a dual major in English and speech, she married Stanley Hyman. The first of her four children, Laurence, was born in 1942 which is the same time she began to have her stories published. Two years later in 1944, she was chosen for Best American Short Stories for â€Å"Come Dance with Me in Ireland.† A year after her husband acquired a teaching job at Bennington College and they moved to North Benningtown, Vermont, where she continued to write and raise her children. Jackson became aShow MoreRelated Shirley Jacksons The Lottery 946 Words   |  4 PagesShirley Jackson is said to be one of the most â€Å"brilliant and influential authors of the twentieth century.† â€Å"Her fiction writing is some of the most important to come out of the American literary canon.† (http://shirleyjackson.org/Reviews.html) Jackson wrote many short stories and even some books. They are more on the dark, witchlike side, however. Kelleher explains that Jackson stated in some interviews that she practiced magic. No one really knows if she was serious while practicing witchcraftRead MoreEssay about The Life and Literary Works of Shirley Jackson4264 Words   |  18 PagesShirley Jackson was born on December 14, 1919 to Leslie and Geraldine Jackson. Her surroundings were comfortable and friendly. Two years after Shirley was born, her family with her newborn brother moved from San Francisco to Burlingame, California, about thirty miles away. According to her mother, Shirley began to compose verse almost as soon as she could write it (Friedman, 18). As a child, Shirley was interested in sports and literature. In 1930, a year before she attended Burlingame High SchoolRead MoreShirley Jackson Biography Essay1117 Words   |  5 PagesShirley Jackson was born on December 14, 1916 in San Francisco, California. She was the daughter of Leslie Hardie (President of Stecher-Traung Lithograph,Inc.) and Geraldine Bugbee Jackson. Miss Jackson attended the University of Rochester from 1934 to 1936. She graduated with a BA from Syracuse University in 1940. Shortly after graduating, she married Stanley Edgar Hyman, who was a literary critic and was on the faculty of Bennington college.. They moved to Vermont and had four children togetherRead MoreEssay about Symbolism in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson488 Words   |  2 PagesSymbolism in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Thesis: The short story The Lottery by Shirley Jackson found in Perrines Literature written by Thomas R. Arp is a story full of symbolism. I. Names are used to represent different aspects of the story. a. Mr. Summers is a bright and cheerful man. His attitude, demeanor, and name represent the summer. Mr.Graves name represents what is about to happen. They are sending someone to their grave. These names are obvious as to what they mean. b. MrsRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson Analysis1592 Words   |  7 Pages In â€Å"The Lottery,† Shirley Jackson tells the story of a fictional village with a population of about three hundred citizens in America, in which a mysterious event known as â€Å"the lottery† takes place once a year. Jackson tells the story from a third-person objective point of view, meaning the narrator tells the story without knowing or commenting on the inner thought of the characters, which makes the ending so shocking. The lottery as a whole is inhumane and cruel, but the people of the villageRead MoreTo Further Understand The Text One Must Know The Literary1724 Words   |  7 Pagesbecause one may associate the word lottery with being lucky or beneficial but the lottery tradition that takes place in the story is the complete opposite. In order to understand the short story The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson, one must first understand the background of the author. Shirley Jackson was born on December 14, 1916 in San Francisco. She spent most of her childhood in Burlingame, California where she as a teenager begin to write short stories. In 1936 she attended the University of RochesterRead MoreThe Summer People, By Shirley Jackson And Smoke Ghost By Fritz Leiber1649 Words   |  7 Pagesexample from our readings and pick out some sort of â€Å"real world† issue or important thing that I have learned from them. For the sake of time, however, I will focus on â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, â€Å"The Summer People† by Shirley Jackson and â€Å"Smoke Ghost† by Fritz Leiber. Each of these stories has succeeded in broadening my horizons and has taught me something important about the world in which we live. Weird fiction stories cover a wide range of important issues incl uding sexismRead MoreUtopia, Dystopia, Two Worlds1630 Words   |  7 Pagesauthors have created stories of about what a perfect, or imperfect, world looks like to them. There are two stories that come to mind that explains the polar opposite of two worlds. One of the stories that will be discussed is â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson. The other story will be â€Å"The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas† by Ursula Le Guinn. As you read both stories, the writers have provide great detail about each world to the point that you will say to yourself â€Å"I do not want to live there† or â€Å"I wouldRead MoreAnalysis Of The Lottery By Shirley Jackson2020 Words   |  9 Pagesboth Joyce Carol Oates and Shirley Jackson managed to craft haunting short stories, whose characters quickly bond to your brain before they are quickly ripped away. â€Å"The Lottery’s† effectiveness leans on subtle character traits and changes—her style, while not as minimal, reminds me of Carver, in that what is left unsaid is nearly as important as her stripped down and dialed back use of character description. Though there is an undercurrent of unease slowly pulsing through â€Å"The Lottery†, it isn’tRead MoreThe Black Religious Community, Gospel ( Christian ) Rap2632 Words   |  11 Pageslike the Beatnik or Hippie of yesteryear and now to include churches. Like those references, many think that this too is a passing fad. So why is Hip-hop’s influence able to both captivate and influence the minds of many in the United States and through out the world. Well, Rap music and its culture speaks and delivers a unique message to the inner being of a person that cannot always be seen. The individual response that is generated from the processing of that message can take many different

World War One Home Front Free Essays

There were any war plans made such as the Schlemiels Plan; a plan devised to avoid war on two fronts, Germans to defeat France and turn back to Russia with a hammer swing, and plan 17; was the French manipulation plan. Modifications were made to the plans and lead to their eventual failure. There were a number of battles including the Battle of the Manner; where German troops attempted to move towards Paris but were attack as the RE flank was exposed. We will write a custom essay sample on World War One Home Front or any similar topic only for you Order Now There was a gap between the troops and the British troops were able to move into the gap. Leading to Germany having to fight a war on two fronts. There was also the Race to the sea which was the Germans attempt to gain as many ports as possible to allow for the continue of trade. It resulted In the creation of the Western front. The Nature of Trench warfare and Life in Trenches (1 86 Words) Trenches played a huge role in WWW. Features of trenches included, sandbags, ammunition, dugouts, parapet, duckboards, fire steps and barbed wire. Trenches were a complex network and extended across many kilometers with the front line positioned to launch at the enemy. They were constructed In a gig gag structure Communication trenches unconnected each line. They were expected to be temporary at the beginning of the war. The area between allies and Germans was called no man’s land. There was not set distance between the lines. No man’s land had deep craters, mud, heavy rain, artillery bombardment. Weaponry changed throughout the war, machine guns, rifles, grenades, flamethrowers, mortars and gas were used. The battle tactics began as offensive and later changed to defensive. The life In trenches was horrible, there were many rats, mud and diseases that were evident within the trenches. This lead to battle fatigue and shell shock. Many soldiers experiences unhygienic living conditions, Illnesses such as dysentery, trench foot and PITS. 80% of the time solders were bored stuff, 19% of the time frozen stiff and only 1% of the time scared stiff. Attempts to Break the Stalemate (241 Words) There were numerous attempts to break the stalemate. The Battle of Verdure was In Feb. – Novel 1916. â€Å"They shall not pass† Is the saying aligned with It. It Involved generals, Falkland for Germany and Petting for France. It was Germany’s aim to bleed the French white† through a war of attrition. Using heavy artillery bombardment and diphthongs gas. It resulted in an early German advance later re won by France. The failures of Verdure lead to Falkland replaced by Hindering and Ultrasound. Another battle was the Battle of the Some. This was from July – Novo General Hag was involved. The aim being to break through and relieve France at Verdure. They used artillery assaults and creeping barrage tanks. Another battle was the Battle of Packsaddle. This was between July’s – Novo 1917. It is known for the mud. It was also with General Hag. The aim was to gain control of the seaports and draw pressure off France. The use of heavy artillery bombardment. The result was only a small territorial gain and the opportunity to send reserves after a breakthrough at Cambric. There were also attempts made beyond the Western Front, these included places like Galileo. There was the naval blockade, which saw Germany launch its unrestricted submarine warfare and peace movements such as Papal peace note to reduce arms and the women’s peace party. Changing attitudes of German and Allied soldiers to the war (174 Words) Britain at the beginning of the war has overwhelming support and enthusiasm. There was a glorified look on war; excitement of the duty and adventure. Britain had no tradition of conscription and men responded to propaganda such as the Kitcheners army posters well. There was â€Å"fear† that war would only last a short period and be over by Christmas. Britain often demons Germany. However, by 1916, the excitement had disappeared and reality of trenches and the futility of war have a major effect on roofs. The Battle of the Some was a turning point where reality sunk in. Recruitment figures have dropped by the end of 1916 and conscription was introduced. War weariness became a factor. Germany also had a massive and widespread enthusiasm. The German men shared the same motivation as British men. Patriotism, honor, duty, peer pressure, impressing girls and a steady income. However, food shortages lead to havoc and German soldiers developed the same feelings of the disillusionment and war weariness as British men especially with Germany facing starvation in 1917. How to cite World War One Home Front, Essays

Recent Trends in Malware Viruses and Trojan Horses

Question: Discuss about theRecent Trends in Malware for Viruses and Trojan Horses. Answer: Introduction Malware or in other words malicious software can include a large number of hostile or criminal software that can cause various forms of security threats like worms, viruses, Trojan horses, and rootkits. The harm is caused by infiltrating a computer without the awareness of the host. AS technologies a have developed over past few years, malwares have also grown with new threats that are difficult to overcome(M., 2008). Attacks through malware are increasing through social networks, search engines and mobile devices exposing web users to infections. In 2010, over 1 million websites were infected by malware and around 1.5 million advertisements were distributed as observed by Dasient. A protection measure requires the use of an antivirus that not just protects a machine from normal viruses but also from malware threats and spywares. In several cases, an anti-malware produced used along with anti-virus would give better protection to a system using internet(Mills, 2011). Considering the large number of compromises caused by malware attacks, malware can be considered as an important area to explore and understand such that awareness about dangers can be created and appropriate protection measures can be identified and used for combating malware related threats. Thus, this report would explore recent trends in malware threats and explore solutions(Mariotti, 2014). Research Report Challenges As per 2013 Batchelder report, malware made on top of the list of threats faced by websites. Malware attack websites by injecting malicious JavaScripts by exploiting their vulnerabilities. These malware attacks affect organizations in major ways out of which data breach is one of the most prominent and harmful threat. They are updated, encrypted with anti-debugging capabilities added and commercialisation of exploit kits with automation has added complexities to incident detection and tracking of malware activities(Mansour Parrizas, 2014). Malware have become persistent threats to the web ecosystem and layered defences are unable to provide a complete protection due to Advanced Persistent Threats (APT) caused by malware. These malware are mostly targeted to evading the privacy or performing some criminal activities like theft, sabotage or espionage(Dionysopoulou, 2014). With a large number of malware existing today, it becomes a challenge to properly classify them. As on March 6, 2007, there were 30,000 distinct variants of malware that were identified. Initially, this classification was done manually but in recent years, the processes are automated for grouping new viruses. However, this automatic classification poses many challenges mainly due to lack of well-defined notions of multiple malware instances(Li, Liu, Gao, Reiter, 2010). Another major challenge occurs because of lack of awareness about malware attack behaviour in users who open doors for such attacks too often putting their systems to risks. Moreover, internet security technologies that are used by enterprises for protection may not be reared to fight the modern malware techniques leaving their machines vulnerable to attacks(Oltsik, 2013). Technologies Technologies are used for detecting malware such that they could be prevented from getting downloaded to cause harm to systems. Various malware detection techniques that are used today include signature based, anomaly based and specification based methods(Agrawal, Singh, Gour, Kumar, 2014). PAYL is a program that is used for dynamic anomaly based detection. It calculates the expected payload for every system port and creates byte frequency distribution for developing a centroid model. Incoming payloads are compared with this model to identify variations. If the incoming payload is much more than expected payload as per the model, then that is recognized as malicious. Intrusion detection can use data mining techniques for creating malware detection agents that can audit data of incoming connections to identify intrusions. Privacy-invasive software (PIS) like Adware and Spyware can be identified using Forensic Tool Kit (FTK) software. Other malware protection technologies use techniques like Finite State Automata (FSA) approach to detection, process profiling of system calls, Audit trail pattern analysis, Network Analysis of Anomalous Traffic Events (NATE), Fileprint (n-gram) analysis, cross-view diff-based detection and so on(Idika Mathur, 2007). Research Areas Various areas of recent in the malware trends include: Types of malware software like viruses, worms and so on such as ransomware, espionage, crime ware and so on. The techniques used by malware software for evasion such as stalling codes, environmental triggers and so on(Lindorfer, Kolbitsch, Comparetti, 2011) Malware detection techniques used for protection from malware threats Probabilities and impacts of malware attacks on systems including various types of malicious activities that can be performed Malicious behaviour categories including evasion, execution, network, packing, auto start, file and memory attacks. Technologies or techniques that can be used for detecting malware Various types of threats that can be caused to various types of users in the case of malware attack incidences(ESET, 2016) Discussion Summary The report explores two studies conducted by M. Papadaki on Attack Pattern Analysis: Trends in Malware Variant Development and by Shahid Alam on Current Trends and the Future of Metamorphic Malware Detection. Attack Pattern Analysis: Trends in Malware Variant Development This research delved into the practices of development of malware variants such that the insights could be used for developing additional protection layers to deal with these variants. The study was conducted by exploring three popular malware threats including Beagle, Netsky and Mytob. Some malware trends seen between the years 2003 and 2005 were identified including mass mailing worms, threats to confidential data, bots and their variants, and blended threats. The analysis of specific threats revealed that mass mailing worms like Netsky are propagated through emails and folders that are shared over web. In such cases, worms use some advanced social engineering techniques such that lure users into opening files and a malicious code gets executed the moment user previews or views the file. Just like Netsky, Beagle also used same channels for propagation and also peer-to-peer networks at times. The difference was found in the way worms are utilized on attacked website. While Netsky sent the whole malicious code for attack, Beagle sent only part of code that was used for downloading entire malicious code from a website. This makes it easier for security communities to block downloads but at the same time makes users vulnerable in future with spamming. Mytob was the newer worm that incorporated mall mailing as well as botnet functionalities. It uses a basic mass mailing functionality but an advanced level of backdoor entry by connecting to IRC servers to receive commands giving servers access to local systems through web or ftp. The research suggested that, it is not the complexity which poses biggest challenge, but the combination of various techniques that they use for tricking users that can pose danger. Thus, malware detection software need to understand evolution of variants of malware and their incremental development behaviour to develop counter-techniques(M.Papadaki, S.M.Furnell, N.L.Clarke, Bakar, G.Pinkney, 2005). Current Trends and the Future of Metamorphic Malware Detection This research explored trends in malware threats and characteristics of malware detection systems. The paper identified techniques that malware developers use to protect malware software from getting detected by antivirus applications such as packing or compression, polymorphism that involves mutation of static binary code, and metamorphism that involves mutation of dynamic binary code. Various types of metamorphic malware were identified including closed-world malware that can generate newly mutated codes and open-world malwares that can communicate with other websites through internet to update themselves. The report suggested that malware detection can be used as a measure for protection and major types of detection techniques include Opcode-based analysis (OBA) that disassembles binaries to extract opcodes, Control Flow Analysis (CFA) that assesses calling relationships between program functions, and Information Flow Analysis (IFA) that checks changes in propagated values over time. The report also observed future trends that can occur in the malware threat propagation. The research revealed that web and mobile malware are likely to get more sophisticated in future which is why a hybrid protection involving both static and dynamic analysis may be required for protection. With increasing use of Internet-of-Things devices, embedded system threats are also likely to increase and this demands use of newer malware detection and protection techniques to protect systems from sophisticated malwares like Stuxnet. Further, the paper suggested that a distributed malware detection system may be used over cloud to secure communications between various devices and cloud(Alam, Traore, Sogukpinar, 2014). Uncovered Issues The researches recognized the challenge and requirement for understanding malware variations and their developmental techniques but it did not cover the methods that are used by malware creators for disguising users or tricking them into opening or downloading malware such as code signing and modified browser settings(Sagar, 2009). The researchers also did not explore the evasion techniques used by malware currently such as environmental awareness, obfuscation of internal data, timing-based evasion and confusing automated tools. There are over 500 evasive behaviours that can be used in combination for causing malware attacks. How security techniques can be used for detecting these evasive behaviours of malware was not covered in the researches explored. The researchers did not explore latest techniques used by various types of malware like botnets, espionage, ransomware and so on. This could have included an exploration of specific types of malware, their varieties, attack techniques and evolution(OECD, 2008). The researchers did not include insights into how systems can get affected which could be useful in identifying causes that would be used for building awareness in users such that threat exposure could be minimized. Some of the techniques that could have been explored here include drive by downloads that involves downloading of an executable file, piggyback attacks which involves embedding of malware code in an otherwise safe executable file(Peterson, 2006). Lessons Learnt Some lessons about malware and their attack, evasion, detection and impact trends include: The danger is more in the combination of evasion techniques used by malware than in the complexities of attacks because evasion techniques target users who are not educated to handle security threats Malware producers keep coming with variations that older technological solutions would not be able to adapt to and thus, newer technologies and updates may be required to prevent such malware from affecting systems. Use of anti-virus software may not be sufficient for complete protection and a complementing malware detection software may be needed Organizations are not prepared with technological solutions that are capable of managing and preventing threats caused by latest malware There are over 500 evasive behaviour used by malware and the list keeps on increasing making it difficult for security solution providers to keep them updated Because of a huge number of variants of malware, a correct classification of malware becomes difficult as this is mostly done use automated tools that have limited information about the characteristics of malware. Conclusions The report explored recent trends in malware including different types of threats from malware, techniques used for development of malware, strategies used for attacking users and measures used for protection from malware. The paper explored two past researches done in this area to understand the trends and identified research gaps by uncovering issues that were not discussed in the chosen researches. Based on the understanding of malware trends and the research gaps, some lessons that were learned from the exercises on the topic of interest were presented in the end. References Agrawal, M., Singh, H., Gour, N., Kumar, A. (2014). Evaluation on Malware Analysis. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, 3381-3384. Alam, S., Traore, I., Sogukpinar, I. (2014). Current Trends and the Future of Metamorphic Malware Detection. University of Victoria. Dionysopoulou, N. (2014). The key to advanced malware protection. McAfee. ESET. (2016). Trends 2016 (IN) Security Everywhere. Eset. Idika, N., Mathur, A. P. (2007). A Survey of Malware Detection Techniques. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University. Li, P., Liu, L., Gao, D., Reiter, M. K. (2010). On Challenges in Evaluating Malware Clustering. Chapel Hill, NC, USA: University of North Carolina. Lindorfer, M., Kolbitsch, C., Comparetti, P. M. (2011). Detecting Environment-Sensitive Malware. Vienna University of Technology. M., A. H. (2008). Malware 101 - Viruses. SANS Institute. M.Papadaki, S.M.Furnell, N.L.Clarke, Bakar, U., G.Pinkney. (2005). Attack Pattern Analysis: Trends in Malware Variant Development . Plymouth, United Kingdom: University of of Plymouth. Mansour, Y., Parrizas, A. A. (2014). An Early Malware Detection, Correlation, and Incident Response System with Case Studies. SANS Institute. Mariotti, J. (2014). An introduction to malware . CERT-UK. Mills, E. (2011). Emerging Trends in Malware - Antivirus and Beyond . WayTek. OECD. (2008). Malicious Software (Malware): A security Threat to Internet Economy. OECD. Oltsik, J. (2013). Malware and the State of Enterprise Security. ESG. Peterson, P. (2006). Malware Trends:The Attack of Blended Spyware Crime . Ironport Systems. Sagar, A. (2009). Current Threat Scenario and Recent Attack Trends. CERTIN.

Marijuana Position Paper - Pro Legalization free essay sample

Research Based Position Paper Marijuana Laws in a Rapidly Changing American Society The turbulent history of Marijuana prohibition in America is one filled with racial motives and propaganda, but surprisingly was not an issue before 80 years ago. In fact, when Ronald Reagan was a child, marijuana was still legal in his state (Guither). Many people assume that marijuana was made illegal through some kind of scientific or medical process which classified it as a dangerous drug, and though government hearings was in turn made illegal. The actual story of Marijuana prohibition in America had nothing to do with any of that. Those who voted on the legal fate of this plant never had the facts, but were dependent on information supplied by those who had agenda of their own to satisfy. The history of marijuanas criminalization is filled with racism, fear, yellow journalism and corrupt legislators. These laws were not only crafted on false premises but for the wrong reasons as well, and the time for change is ever drawing more near. We will write a custom essay sample on Marijuana Position Paper Pro Legalization or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Marijuana should be legalized in America because it has a positive history of industrial use around the world, the laws were crafted on false pretenses, prohibition is a waste of taxpayer money and Marijuana could also provide relief to patients with debilitating diseases. Cannabis is a species of flowering plants that includes three distinct species, Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis Janisch. The substance we know today as Marijuana are the buds off the Cannabis sativa plant, which contains a higher concentration of the active ingredient in Marijuana, THC or tetrahydrocannabinol. Hemp, on the other hand, is a common name for plants in the entire family of Cannabis, although the term usually only refers to Cannabis strains cultivated for industrial use. Hemp is cultivated virtually everywhere in the world except for the United States, for its wide range of uses and ease of cultivation makes for a very beneficial harvest (Pojman, 33-34) The history of Marijuana, or Cannabis Sativa, is crucial in investigating and understanding the laws regarding the plant today. Marijuana is actually one of the oldest cultivated plants in human history; its known uses go back further than 7,000 B. C. (Guither). Scientists believe cannabis sativa originated in Central Asia and was probably first cultivated for its fiber. The first woven fabric was apparently of hemp; its other uses included food, incense, cloth, rope, and much more. The first documented use of Marijuana was in the pharmacopoeia written by Shen Nung, hailed as one of the fathers of Chinese medicine (Christopher, Par. 1). Marijuana was used for many practical purposes throughout history, and has actually only been illegal for less than 1% of its time in use. Anicent civilizations used cannabis to aid in everyday life, and without its use our species would have struggled to advance rapidly. The Chinese first crafted paper out of Cannabis and Mulberry in 100B. C. (Christoper), and its many uses led the profit Mohammed to permit its use to Moslems, although he forbid the use of alcohol. Moslems began producing hashish from the Marijuana plant for medical and social use, and used the plant to open Europe’s first paper mill in 1150A. D. Most of the paper in Europe over the next 850-year period was printed on Cannabis paper, including Bibles (Christopher). The Europeans caught on to the usefulness and ease of cultivation that came with Cannabis, so they began farming the plant as well. In 1563, Queen Elizabeth the First decreed that landowners with 60 acres or more must grow Cannabis on their farms or face a ? 5 fine. Shortly after in 1564, King Philip of Spain followed Queen Elizabeth’s lead and orders Cannabis to be grown throughout his Empire, which in that time extended from modern-day Argentina to Oregon (Christopher, Par. 3). Cannabis served a great purpose in early America, for it allowed the colonists to slowly break their dependence on mother England.

buy custom The Effects of I-1183 essay

buy custom The Effects of I-1183 essay Initiative 1-1183 was designed to introduce privatization of Liquor sales in Washington. The state has for 78 years exercised monopoly power over liquor sales in Washington. The recent passing of initiative 1-1183 by voters in November 2011 by the voters therefore puts an end to the 78 year state monopoly on the sale of liquor. It is important to note that for a long time, the Washington Policy Center has recommended privatizing the liquor sales business to allow for competition under state regulation. Thus initiative 1-1183 was not the first attempt toward privatization. Before initiative 1-1183, there was the initiative 1100 introduced in 2010 that was not passed by the voters, (Mercier, Citizens Guide to Initiative 1183). This essay will outline the 1-1183 provisions and discuss the policy implications now that the initiative has been passed. Before the passing of initiative 1-1183, there have been 18 liquor monopoly states in the U.S, Washington being one of them. All the 18 states have had some level of monopoly over sale of liquor, with 12 of them (including Washington) imposing a government-only monopoly on wholesale and retail liquor sales. Passing initiative 1-1183 means therefore that the state will be forced to refocus on the enforcement of states liquor, public health and public safety laws as opposed to retail sales management that has been their regular activity. In the next section, this essay briefly highlights the provisions of initiative 1-1183 which reads as follows: The people of the state of Washington, in enacting this initiative measure, find that the state government monopoly on liquor distribution and liquor stores in Washington and the state government regulations that arbitrarily restrict the wholesale distribution and pricing of wine are outdated, inefficient, and costly to local taxpayers, consumers, distributors, and retailers. Therefore, the people wish to privatize and modernize both wholesale distribution and retail sales of liquor and remove outdated restrictions on the wholesale distribution of wine by enacting this initiative, (I-1183-Washington Secretary of States Office, 2). In order to achieve the goals outlined in the definition of initiative 1-1183, the sponsors have specific constitution based measures to be implemented. First, section 102 provides for privatization and modernization of the current wholesale distribution and retail monopoly of liquor. Following from section 102 therefore, states distribution warehouse liquor facilities and equipment will be auctioned. Sections 103 and 105 allows for introduction of a fee structure that would generate surplus revenues compared to the existing liquor monopoly revenues for government. By enforcing section 103, liquor sales outlets that can serve stores of 10000 and more square feet can be limited with limited exceptions. Another Measure would be to enhance state liquor safety enforcement and training as provided for under section 103. As a requirement for licensing, local leaders will be required to give their comments before license authorization. Liquor licenses will be issued only to those stores tha t demonstrate effective liquor sale prevention to minors, (Mercier, Citizens Guide to Initiative 1183). Initiative 1183 require the repeal of the recent SB 5942 legislation bill that was enacted in 2011. This is intended to allow for the leasing of the states liquor distribution warehouse to a private provider as a means to eliminate the current state monopoly. This means that there will be a private distribution monopoly instead. The intent section of SB 5942 partly reads as follows; The legislature finds that it is in the public interest to seek revenue opportunities through leasing and modernizing the states liquor warehousing and distribution facilities and related operations. The legislatre finds that it is also in the public interest to conduct a competitive process to select a private sector lessee for this purpose, (SB 5942 Liquor Warehouse Distribution, 3). The major aim for enacting SB5942 was to raise extra income for the state through leasing the state liquor warehouse to a private company. The effect of this would be to promote competition in both the wholesale and retail of liquor so that retailers will no longer have to purchase their liquor from one supplier. The disadvantage that accompanies this legislation however is that the state monopoly has simply been substituted with another monopoly- a private company monopoly. SB 5942 was enacted with an emergency clause that that bars instituting an amendment to 1-1183 initiative by way of a referendum. The emergency clause was opposed by a section of the legislators but still Governor Gregoire went ahead to sign the bill in its form. Among those who were against the emergency clause included Rep. Cary Condotta who wrote; I do have a major concern with Senate Bill 5942 and the strong arm tactics used to add an emergency clause. It is obvious this is an attempt to preempt the Costco Initiative this fall. Please consider vetoing the emergency clause to make this a legitimate bill. I am not supporting the Initiative one way or the other, but think it would be scandal (at best) to try and sign a contract before a vote of the people, (Mercier , Governor to decide if liquor contract is state emergency). Rep. Cary Condotta uses the phrase Costco initiative referring to the 1183 initiative. 1-1183 initiative stipulates that as a condition for licensing, that retail establishments must have space of more than 10000 square feet. It happens that Costco stores are among the few that meet these criteria. Costco had also supported the previous initiative 1100 that was not passed and had spent an estimated $22 million in support of this initiative. This is how the 1183 initiative earned itself the nickname Costco initiative. The sentiments and concerns of Rep. Cary Condotta were informed by the controversial intention of the office of Financial Management to announce private sector bidding recommendations in less than a week earlier than the November election yet according to the initiative provisions, the liquor distribution warehouse contract would not be signed before a vote by the people on the 1183 initiative. In the next section, comparison is made between the failed 1100 initiative an d initiative 1183, (Mercier, Governor to decide if liquor contract is state emergency). There are several differences between initiative 1100 and 1183. If initiative 1100 had passed, it would cause the state a loss of $76 to $85million and a loss of $180 to $192million to the local government within a five years duration. Initiative 1183 on the other hand is expected to generate a gain of $216 to $256million for state and a gain of $186 to $227million for local government within a six year duration. Whereas initiative 1100 would allow manufactures to offer quantity discounts to retailers for purchase of wine, beer and liquor, initiative 1183 allows this only on liquor and wine but not on beer. Regarding retail licensing, Initiative 1100 would attract an application fee of $1000 and annual fee of $1000. Initiative 1183 on the other hand will require license issuance fee equivalent to 17% of all liquor sales under the license, plus annual fee of $166. Initiative 1100 had no restrictions on authority of cities and counties to limit where liquor would be sold. Initiative 11 83 on the other hand limits liquor licenses to those stores that demonstrate effective sale prevention to minors and requires commends from the local government authorities before license approval. As a result, initiative 1183 has 1428 as the estimated number of retail liquor outlets compared with 3357 under the failed initiative 1100, (Mercier, Citizens Guide to Initiative 1183). The passing of initiativve 1183 has a number of policy implications. To begin with, initiative 1183 makes Washington to become the first state in which retailers of liquor will bypass the wholesaler and make their liquor purchases from producers and wine from vineyards. It is due to this reason that wholesalers of beer, wine and liquor were actively engaged in efforts to try and stop initiative1183. It is feared that other state may also duplicate the Washington precedent where retailers and producers are allowed to bypass the wholesalers. It is yet to be observed the impact of initiative 1183 to consumers in terms of how much savings can be made from allowing producers the freedom to choose whether to bypass the wholesalers or not. As a result, the wholesalers who will loose regional monopoly will only be able to compete using price and quality. The advantage is that consumers will be able to enjoy lower prices. At the same time, the producers and retailers who decide to continue us ing wholesalers will enjoy better quality services, (Minton, Liquor Privatization Would Edge Washington State Toward Freedom). From the face of it, it would appear as if initiative 1183 promotes free market operation since it encourages competition through price and quality. However, a closer look reveals that initiative1183 is far from the free market system. This is because the requirement that licenses be issued to stores with space of over 10000 square feet locks out many small liquor stores. More so, initiative 1183 has not provided any clear justification for the exception in which beer will remain captive to the mandatory three tier system. However, having been passed, initiative 1183 will go along way to avail the long awaited alcohol freedom by putting an end to the long standing states liquor wholesale monopoly. In conclusion, it is important to reiterate fact that the state had enjoyed monopoly power in control of liquor sales for 78 years. The passing of initiative 1183 therefore effectively ended this state monopoly. There were substantial differences between the failed initiative 1100 of 2010 a nd initiative 1183. For instance, the following major differences were observed: If initiative 1100 had passed, it would cause the state a loss of $76 to $85million and a loss of $180 to $192million to the local government within a five years duration. Initiative 1183 on the other hand is expected to generate a gain of $216 to $256million for state and a gain of $186 to $227million for local government within a six year duration. Whereas initiative 1100 would allow manufactures to offer quantity discounts to retailers for purchase of wine, beer and liquor, initiative 1183 allows this only on liquor and wine but not on beer. Regarding retail licensing, Initiative 1100 would attract an application fee of $1000 and annual fee of $1000. Initiative 1183 on the other hand will require license issuance fee equivalent to 17% of all liquor sales under the license, plus annual fee of $166. Initiative 1100 had no restrictions on authority of cities and counties to limit where liquor would be s old. Initiative 1183 on the other hand limits liquor licenses to those stores that demonstrate effective sale prevention to minors and requires commends from the local government authorities before license approval, (Mercier, Citizens Guide to Initiative 1183). With initiative three presenting more advantages and better policy issues compared to initiative 1100, it is clear why initiative 1100 was not approved by the voters. Since nothing can be completely perfect, initiative 1183 had its shortcomings as well. For instance, initiative 1183 only substituted state liquor monopoly with private company liquor monopoly. It is also true that initiative 1183 licensing requirements technically locks out majority of small retail outlets hence does not meet the free market expectations. However, initiative 1183 will promote more freedom in the alcohol business by allowing for competition hence enhance efficiency, service quality and better consumer prices, (Minton, Liquor Privatization Would Edge Washington State Toward Freedom). Buy custom The Effects of I-1183 essay

Marketing Plan Project Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing Plan Project - Research Proposal Example There is a huge need for this kind of product among the people. The following study will provide some information and will develop a marketing plan for this developed product. Economic Environment and Competitive Environment Analysis US are one of the strongest, leading and developed economies in the world. The recent global recession in the year 2007-08 and the European financial crisis in the year2008-09 have affected the economic situation of the country. Most importantly, this economic downturn has affected the social and economic life cycle of a country. The per capita income of people has gone down due to this recession. Moreover, this unfavorable economic situation of the country has impacted negatively on the economic growth of the country. Currently, it is feasible that, the disposable income of people has gone down comparing to the pre era of global recession. Now-a-days, people are trying to save more rather than consuming. Several economic policies such as high tax rate, limited government expenditure has affected the economic situation of the country very badly. Looking into these factors, it can be said that, the country is still suffering from the impact of economic downturn. In terms of competitive environment, the success of the product depends upon the product attribute, price range of the products and existing rivalry in the operating market place. Depending upon these things, it can be said that, the product has several competitive advantages. First of all, this type of business market is still uncovered and untapped. Therefore, there is a huge opportunity for the brand to capitalize on the potential market opportunity. On the other hand, it can be said that, this kind of product will be very effective in the daily life of people. In terms of pricing, it can be said that, this product is affordable for the people of all kind of income group, such as lower middle, middle, upper middle and upper class. The low price range of the products is ad dressing that; people can afford this product without any hesitation. Lastly, in terms of competitors, it can be said that lack of competitors and due to untapped market the product can achieve huge competitive advantage and market share. It will help them to increase the target customer base. Data on the Market The organization can target a huge area of market place, as it is discussed earlier that, the specific market segment is still untapped. Moreover, according to a survey, it has been found out that, more than 75% people, including all kind of market segment it is feasible that, there has been already a need for this product. According to the respondents, it is feasible that, major of them are unhappy as they could not able to use 100% of a beauty cosmetic product or a tooth paste. Therefore, it has evidenced that, there are huge demand for the product. In terms of age it is feasible that, there is a need for the product among the people aged between 12 and 65. Moreover, in te rms of income group, it has been feasible that, people whose household income is more than 15,000 US dollar are the major target group of this product. In terms of gender of people, the products are seemed to be popular among the household female respondents comparing to other male respondents. The median income of the maximum

Cooked Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cooked - Essay Example For ten years, he learned cooking skills and he found that he could become productive in front of the stove. Certainly, there are downsides with being an inmate but the episode brought him focus and a goal, certainly a turning point in his life. After prison, life was difficult. Henderson had difficulty in getting a job. His dream was to become an executive chef and his lack of formal training and criminal record made it excruciatingly difficult to achieve his objective. He began his career as a dishwasher in Los Angeles. He had to exert extra effort and more hard work not just to prove his capability as a cook but also to prove that he is trustworthy. Even with achieving some semblance of success in Los Angeles, where he eventually became a sous chef, he encountered the same difficulty when he moved to Las Vegas. Everyone was impressed about his credentials but turned him down because he was a convicted felon. During this period, he was jobless for a longtime, which must be very frustrating especially when he has a family to support. For instance, he recalled a particularly heartbreaking experience: "At the Paris Hotel, they were introducing me to my staff before I told them about my criminal record. Then they told me to t ake a walk." It is really unfortunate what a criminal record can do to a persons prospect in life. A lesser man with no strength in character would probably took the easy way and go back to being a felon. Fortunately, Henderson is not such a

MacDonald Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MacDonald - Essay Example India has been chosen as the host country. The project tries to bring out the impacts cultural differences existing between India and USA has on the decision making, communication, leadership, teamwork and human resources in organizations. The company is known for its respect for culture of the place where is operates. The company has even developed a menu especially for India. This has been done with special emphasis on Indian culture and tastes. Culture consciousness of the company reflects from the fact that India is the only first nation in the world where the company does not offer pork or beef items. In fact MacDonald even had to re-engineer its operations in order to serve the requirements of the vegetarians of the country. The company ensures that the vegetable items are prepared separately using separate utensils and equipments. Separate preparation of vegetarian and non vegetarian items is maintained throughout all stages of procuring, cooking and serving (MacDonalds India, 2009, p.1). This reflects company’s respect for local culture where it operates. This tradition can be attributed to its popularity and success. Apart from abiding by the local cultures and traditions, the company is also said to e nhance their corporate responsibities. It provides employment opportunities to the Indian people and also provides bright career growth for them (MacDonalds India, 2009, p.1). Hofstede’s analysis has revealed that national cultures differ along four different dimensions. Power distance is the first among these. Power distance refers to the fact that each one in society has unequal power. In cultures characterised with high power distance people accept hierarchical organisational structures readily. In such cultures, power disparities exist among people as well. In such countries power remains in the hands of a few people only. On the contrary, cultures with low power distance have greater equality of power among people. Uncertainty

Business plan for a fruit processing company

Business plan for a fruit processing company Our Business Plan will be about fruit processing. This will reduce fruits post harvesting loss through processing fruits in syrups and concentrates. This will help middle and low income eaners as we find there is high need of fresh fruits juice as many of fresh fruits juice are imported and sold in high price which normal Tanzania citizen cant afford. Our company will be situated in Korogwe Tanga where there are many firms. Company has three partners, Mildred, Sophia and Saja. ABRIVIATION ASDP Agricultural Sector Development Programme ASDS Agricultural Sector Development Strategy BIT Board of Internal Trade DACHE Dar Es Salaam College of Home Economics Ltd GDP Gross Domestic Product HKMU Hubert Kairuki Memorial University MAFC Ministry of agriculture Food Security and Cooperatives MITM Ministry of Industries Trade and Marketing NARS National Agricultural Research Institute PASS Private Agricultural Sector Support SIDO Small Scale Industries Development Organization SIDP Sustainable Industry Development Programme SUA Sokoine University of Tanzania TDV Tanzania Development Vision TFDA Tanzania Food Drugs and Cosmetics Agency UDSM University of Dar es Salaam BUSINESS PLAN 1.0 Executive summary The current agriculture potentiality contributes about 26.5% of GDP and it provides employment about 70% of total labour force. Tanzania grows a range of fruit including topical and temperate. The annual production of fruits is 678,515MT (this is 5% of potential area exploited) [tanserve n.d] Agro processing in the industrial sector is indeed one of the underdeveloped sub sectors and according to a report by Commonwealth Secretariat (1997) it was seen to consume about 1% of the horticultural raw materials produced in Tanzania as compared to 80% in Malaysia which also is in the category of developing country [practicalaction n.d] Agro processing and especially small -scale processing is becoming very important in the country as means to reduce crop losses and value addition at production and collection sites and a way of income generating activity.[practicalaction n.d] However, the sector experience losses during and after harvest. Post harvest losses of fruits and vegetables are estimated at 50 to 80%. These losses are more meaningful economically compared to the cost of compensating for losses through increased crop production. Losses are caused by among another factors, mechanical, physical and biochemical aspects. SOMIL intends with this financial and economical projection the idea will bring new concept in a market and good strategies which will enable the company to acquire a good market position initially the company may have up and downs of new start but with the partner potentiality gradual the sales may increase once SOMIL gets good eyes to watch over it operations. A daily production of between 2000 and 3000 kilograms of fruit product is estimated to be obtained from an input of between 2000 and 3000 kilograms of fruit pulp/product is estimated to be obtained from an input of 5000 kilograms. Production time per annum is estimated to be 240 days. And the project intends to employ 22 people and it is an investment of Tshs. 300,000,000.00 which will realize Tshs 144,000,000.00 in year five times. Total production costs are estimated at Tshs. 290,000,000.00 in year one gradually rising in years two and three then falls in year five onwards. Project cash flow is favourable, it will start making profits from the first year of the project and all loans be repaid by third year of operation. This will be showing clearly in financial. 2.0 THE BUSINESS 2.1 The opportunity According to government record and statistics show the annual production of fruits to be 678,515MT, but this is only 5% of the potential area exploited and this can be caused by lack of where to send the increased production. 2.2 Need to be filled This project so as to say will focuses on increasing fruits usability which experience enormous looses especially during the season and create new opportunities for industrial development in rural areas through processing of fruits for fresh juice. More so, the initiator of this idea is a professional expert in the field of post harvest processing, having a long term experience in offering knowledge to small scale food processors and food enterprises and managed to make them grow to a medium scale capacity. 2.2.1 How the proposed business will fills the need With the capacity of operation which business plan to operate in, the company will process fruits for juice which will be consumed by low and medium income earners who are not able to buy exported fresh fruit juice. 3.0 Company and Company history Initially idea was brought by one of the partner who is professional in a filed and she has long term experience in food processing later on the idea was joined by two other partners who contribute in capital invested. 3.1 Company mission statement To provide 100% satisfaction by offering fruit in syrup and fruit concentrates of the highest quality, impeccable services, guaranteeing accurate supply, fast delivery and developing strong relationships with farmers and medium to small scale fruits processing business and entrepreneurs. 3.2 Our vision SOMIL forecast to be competitive in service while taking on prior responsibilities that are pertinent to our clients needs through producing strict quality and safe products, for health and economical satisfaction. 3.3 Company objective The products to be made include quality and safe fruits of the season concentrates and fruits in syrup. Neutrality will govern the products made since raw materials will basically comprise of fresh, mature fruits of the season without non-fruit fortification. SOMIL products are intermediate since they form raw material to juice making, wine making and fruit salads to other small to medium scale industries. Availability regardless seasonality forms another niche value to SOMIL products. The main objective is to ensure sustainable economic, food and nutrition security by seasonal reduction of fruits post harvest loses by 10% through processing. 3.4 Specific objectives To ensure the establishment of fruit concentrate and fruits in syrup industry is in place by end of year one of the project inception To establish appropriate links with stakeholders who will daily deliver to the industry quality seasonal fruits for processing To continuously encourage and support value addition to seasonal fruits so that the farmers are economically empowered Together with farmers and other stakeholders of the project area, to reduce the post harvest losses by 50% through fruits processing by year 2013 To continuously support technology developments in the post-harvest system according to zonal conditions, climatically, and socio-culturally and according to the needs of the clients for effective and sustainable availability of the industrys raw material. 4.0 COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE Fruit concentrates and fruits in syrup are made from fresh fruits of the highest quality, maturity, and health from both temperate and tropical zones. The fruits have to be selected and graded through a rigorous quality control system so that all of our products have the best flavors and nutrient content that meet the national and international quality and safety parameters and standards. The products made by SOMIL will be raw material to other secondary fruit products that include among others; juices, wines, fruit salads and fruit based products. Bulk packaging will govern the products and minimum carriage weight will be 20 kilogram and maximum 200 kilogram drums. Literature review and a study visit to few industries in Dar es salaam indicates about 16medium scale and 300 small scale prospective competitors, however, paste, fruit concentrates and fruits in syrup are not their core activities to any of these companies. They specialize in finished products of this semi finished products. Similarly, the demand for SOMIL products especially during off seasons in which consumers shift to imported pastes and fruit concentrates is prospectively high. Furthermore, customers of secondary products (finished products) have become health conscious, which add to the unique selling point of the company products. The company is reputed of having competent employees both professionally and aggressiveness to deliver as per vision of the company. 4.1 Description of the business model The company will deliver its products in the first come first served basis. Since nature of business entail quality and safe semi finished products than enterprises of finished products will certainly find them highly convenient both as a time saver as well as all-seasons products. Despite the presence of few competitors the demand is rarely met, also they utilize mostly the imported concentrates that are generally fortified with non fruit material thus reducing the products nature and quality. Consumers of the finished products have become health conscious which adds to the unique selling point of SOMIL products as they are naturally made from whole fruits and vegetables with nothing added hence making the product whole, fresh and nutritional. The company is reputed of having competent employees both professionally and aggressiveness to deliver as per vision of the company. 4.2 How the business will create a sustainable competitive advantage Production cost govern to a large extent pricing strategy but also comparisons have to be made with competitors prices so a not to be very different for a product of similar or near similar. Other quality parameters such as health impact, intellectual property etc will also be considered in the setting. According to studies on food habits conducted by use of a case study of Dar es Salaam, consumers reported to be willing to pay a little more for a healthy product especially when they are ensured of its quality and safety (Mjawa, 2003) For this reason, if a small price difference is set (ceteris peribus), it will make the business sell few volumes of quality products yet with profits till it gains market reputation. 5.0 CURRENT STATUS AND REQUIREMENTS The location of the production area will be Korogwe town and marketing office will be Korogwe District Tanga region. The choice of a production location is strategically due to the place being the major centre of fruits growing with a horticultural hinterland. Besides Korogwe being centrally located it allows easy transportation of inputs and raw materials to the industry as well as products to the selling centre and consumers due to its proximity to most areas. The location will also tap the availability of labor that has been left redundant by many crop estates and industries that were closed and some are now affected by the world economic recession. Ample availability of steady services like ICT, electricity, and water are taken into consideration when selecting the location. Taking into consideration that this is a start up project, the following will form a production and operation processes. Table 2: Production process Step Process Description 1 Site acquisition, registration of business and other start up logistics Site us owned by one of the partner which will be transfer in the business under the law and legal contract. 2 Purchase of equipment Machineries equipment with the capacity of producing 500-800 kilograms per hour will be procured. Office equipment, a vehicle and furniture will also be procured. 3 Employees recruitment Director production and technical, manager administration and finance, manager production and technical will be the first people to be employee operators staff and hiring the security. 4 Purchases of production materials Identification of locations, suppliers of raw materials and other inputs; training on the quality to supply and later purchases to be done 5 Production process Receiving, grading, washing, desizing/pulping, packing packaging and storing 6 Marketing Market research, Transportation, advertisement, selling. 5.1 Description of where the business stands today SOMIL has 120 millions which contributed by three partners in equal shares also the company has plot in Korogwe which has own by one of the partners and transfer to a business through legal entities. 5.2 Description of what the business needs to move forward In order the company to operate successfully the business needs 300 millions. Where by 120millions has already contributed by three partners and remained 180 millions the company look for a loan which will be paid within five years. 6.0 MANAGEMENT The business is directed by three directors, who are partner and shareholder of the business. First partner is MILDRED MLAKI, who has two degree, one from Cape Town University of food and nutrition and the other is for commerce from university of Dar es salaam, Mildred will be overall in-charge of all processing operations. Second partner, SOPHIA MUSSA holder masters in human resource from makerere university of Kampala Uganda, she is working with reputable company in the country and she will be overall in-charge with human resource and public relation of the company. Third partner, SAJA JOHN is a holder of masters in strategies business from Greenwich University; she will be overall in-charge of market operation of the company. The company will employ other work 2 in finance and procurement 2 foreman, and production and technical will be hired and security on term for six month period to help initial stage of layout, installation and commissioning of the machines and equipment. 6.1 ORGANISATION STRUCTURE 6.2 Ownership The business is currently owner by 3 directors as mentioned above and the will contribute 60% of the initial investment and the rest may be sold to any interested investors or development partner. 6.3 Board of Directors/Board of Advisor A Board of Advisor will be selected to advice on matters regarding smooth running of the business based on qualification specific to the organization functions. Advisors will strictly come from research institutes like UDSM Process Engineering Department, SUA, NARS, and TBS etc since the business needs technical expertise and solutions from them for the benefit of making it outstanding in terms of quality and up to date with technological features. A political figure will be included for the health of the business; the main proposal is the Member of Parliament for Korogwe Constituency. 6.4 Key Professional Service Providers The services of a change agent like SIDO experts are vital for advising on entrepreneurship skills including business management and capital acquisition. The service of reputed audit personnel for legal advisor is required by the business, but company will higher advocate professional whenever needed. 7.0 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS The current agriculture contributes about 26.5% of GDP and it provides employment to about 70% of total labour force out of which 56% of them are women. (Human Development Index 2007). This is because of its subsistence nature of Tanzania Agriculture but its potentiality for agriculture growth is immerse taking into the focus of the government strategies. TDV (Tanzania development vision) and ASDS that envisage to transform the existing subsistence-dominated agriculture progressively into commercially profitable and viable production systems so as to make it modernized, commercial, highly productive and profitable by utilizing new technologies and available technologies and manpower in an overall sustainable manner. (www.tanzania.go.tz) Agro processing in the industrial sector is indeed one of the underdeveloped sub sectors and according to a report by Commonwealth Secretariat (1997) it was seen to consume about 1% of the horticultural raw materials produced in Tanzania as compare to (80%) in Malaysia which also is in the category of developing country. Also according to PASS (2002), 65% of the processed products are consumed within the country. This indicates the availability of investment opportunities in the fruits and vegetable processing (www.tanzania.go.tz) Most of the processing plants operate under capacity due to old technology used, irregular supply of raw materials and low technical skills. However, there is some investment in processing industry taking place and efforts are being made to promote more investment in this area. Small-scale processing in becoming very important in the country as means to reduce crop losses and value addition at production and collection sites, and a way of income generating activity. To date over 5,700 processors have been trained and at least 3000 jobs created (SIDO, 2007). The future discourse for industrial development in Tanzania is elaborated in the Sustainable Industrial Development Policy SIDP. The main purpose of SIDP (Sustainable Industry Development Programme) is to set out a path for industrializing Tanzania so that by the turn of the first quarter of the 21st Century is becomes a semi industrialized country. Recently, individuals and or groups of women entrepreneurs and youth have engaged themselves into processing of fruits and vegetables for niche markets. These groups have received basic training in food processing technology through research institutions such as TIRDO (Tanzania Industrial Research Development Organization, TFNC (Tanzania Food Nutrition Centre) SUA (Sokoine University of Agriculture), Agriculture Research Institute Uyole, Mbeya Horticulture Research Training Institute Tengeru, Small scale Industry Development Organization (SIDO) and non-government organizations supporting community, nutrition and health improvement programmes. Such groups are mainly engaged in drying of fruits like ripe bananas, pineapples and mangoes and traditional vegetables such as amaranths, cassava leaves, okra and cowpea leaves. Others are engaged in making products like juices, jams, marmalades, pickles, tomato sauce and wines. (www.tanzania.go.tz) SWOT ANALYSIS TO OUR STARTUP BUSINESS STREGHTHS Highly experienced technologically Willingness to deliver as per vision Strong team of management WEAKNESSES Limited capital to invest in large scale venture A less reputed venture not yet gained a name OPPORTUNITIES Niche markets that take advantage of seasonal shortages Consciousness of fresh and nutritional healthy products by consumers Availability of ample and variety of fruits in most time of the year Location is along the fruits and vegetable growing zone Location centrally located, feasible transport wise to both farmers and consumers Availability of many funding arrangements like loans and grants for investors and entrepreneurs. Recent economic recession will reduce competing imports to a large extent THREATS Importation of less quality but cheap concentrates Emerging large scale investors with similar project Weather calamities such as drought that may hamper production Inconsistent supply of raw materials due to seasonality Substitutes such as Soda and Mineral water especial Uhai, Kilimanjaro, Dasani, masafi and so on 7.1 Competitive position within target market 7.2 Competitors analysis Few medium to large scale industrial processing plants in Tanzania that are currently operational, are located in strategic areas of high production and/or consumption like Bakhresa Food products, Noble Foods beverages Ltd, A-One products and Bottlers Ltd and Redgold in Dar es Salaam region, Darsh Industries Ltd in Arusha region, Dabaga Fruit and Vegetable Caning Factory in Iringa region. These factories produce a range of products that include fruit juices of various kinds, tomato sauces, pickles, wine, ketchup, etc. Other factories are emerging in other potential areas like in Morogoro as more investors venture into this sub-sector. (www.tanzania.go.tz) Table 1. The following table indicates few of the prospective competitors. Name of competitors Product made Strengths Weaknesses Remarks that makes SMS to capture a market share Noble foods-fruits juices Mango juice Fresh mangoes during the season. Have good packages No production during off season, manufactures only one product -mango juice Potential customer during off season may purchase other fruit pulps for SMS Bakhresa Food Industries -|Azam fruits juices Juices: mango, guava, apple, pineapple oranges May not lack raw material due to utilizing imported concentrates, few fresh fruits. Utilizes all the raw material in his own industry Although a big competitor but not threatening because he cannot sell to others hence consumers of SMS are maintained Red Gold Tomato products Sauces and Chill Uses fresh tomatoes during the season, import during off season Do not stock enough for off season production Potential competitor and customer Small scale wineries, juice processors Tomato products, wines, juices and fruit blend recipes Uses fresh fruits of the season Normally do not stock enough for the year. Have little funds and small premises for keeping large amounts of raw materials May be competitors during the season but big customers during off season Other medium and small scale industries Tomato products, wines, juices and fruit blend recipes Uses fresh fruits and vegetables as raw materials to their secondary products Cannot stock due to capital, convenience, expertise and space Potential customer Talking about competitors also there is a threat of substitute such and Soda and mineral water. 7.3 Market size and Trends According to the Confederation of Tanzania Industries directory (2007), the total market is about 316 consumers for these products. The business estimates to capture 10% in the first year 20% in the second year and growing to 30% in year five onwards. This will be due to gaining faith regarding quality as compared to imported products. The business administration will take care of customer training building regarding confidence building. Regarding a study by Tanzania Food Drugs and cosmetic Agency (TFDA) on Inventory of Food industries (2006), medium and small scale industries that will utilize SOMIL products are concentrated in Arusha, Moshi, Dar es Salaam, and Tanga regions and most of these utilize the product as raw material for making secondary products such as sauces, wines and juices. Government efforts to strengthen the increased production of non traditional crops such as fruits and vegetables because they are of high value to both farmers and the country impact positively to the availability of raw materials for SMS products and hence ensure readily availability of raw material for SMS products and hence ensure readily availability of products to clients. The world economic trends may have a positive impact on customers products due to reduction of imported concentrates. 8.0 MARKETING PLAN 8.1 Market Summary SOMIL fruits product will possesses good information about the market and known a great deal about the common attributes of the most prized customer. This information will be leveraged to better understand who is served, what their specific needs are and how SOMIL can better communicate with them. [Kotler P Keller KL1956, P.61-67] 8.2 Marketing strategy The initial focus will be locally where small scale and medium fruits processing industries are located. Due to capacity of the industry at the moment, there are no plans to go beyond Tanzania and Zanzibar. The strategy will initially be identification using data from Board of Internal Trade (BIT), the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare-TFDA and Ministry of Industries Trade and Marketing (MITM) as well as Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS) and other trade newsletters. The selected few will be visited for introduction and sample sending. Then a business may further advertise in public media newspapers, radio leaflets distributed to road users for know. In future we will advertise at Televisions also. 8.3 Concept testing Concept test system can improve the company chances of success in developing and introducing new products. Our organization will go door to door for the concept test in order to get the view of the public concerning with our types of product; this will be done in public area like schools, Hospital and churches. Design employs sequential public study in which up to 50 groups of 10 to 20 participants each test one product. These studies typically consist of three surveys of up to 30 questions each. The surveys are conducted among members of our Members. 8.4 Usability testing Usability testing is a technique used to evaluate a product by testing it on users. This can be seen as an irreplaceable usability practice, since it gives direct input on how real users use the system. This is in contrast with usability inspection methods where experts use different methods to evaluate a user interface without involving users. Usability testing focuses on measuring a human-made products capacity to meet its intended purpose. Examples of products that commonly benefit from usability testing are foods, consumer products, How ever in organization will used this test to improve our product in this areas efficiency, accuracy, recall, and emotional response. The results of the first test can be treated as a baseline or control measurement; all subsequent tests can then be compared to the baseline to indicate improvement. This test will assist the industries to know where we are going and what people says about our products, This test will be assist us to maintain our product and make it durable in all time for production, our organization will insure this test done before the product enter in the market. 8.5 Channel of distribution 8.5.1 Selecting a channel of distribution SOMIL when selecting a channel of distribution as Fruit product Industry will consider the follow: The consumer characteristics need and segment The company goals, resources expertise and experience The product value, complexity, perish ability and bulk The competition characteristics and tactics Distribution channels alternatives, characteristics and availability Legalities current law and pending laws. [Kotler PKeller KL1956, P.36-72] 8.5.2 Distribution standard SOMIL will have clear and measurable goals regarding service levels in physical distribution. In so doing there must be a clear distribution strategy for products to reach the target consumers, in this respect the clear distribution channel must be in place. 8.5.3 Customer Services SOMIL will understand the decisions involve delivery frequency, speed and consistency transportation and shipping to policies, whether to accept small customer orders; warehousing coordinating assortments; and so on. Poor performance in these areas may result in lost customers. [Kotler PKeller KL1956, P.36-72] 8.6 Production 8.6.1 Social responsibility. SOMIL we will consider the impact of companys action and operating in a way that balances short term profit needs with societies long-term need this ensuring the company survival in a health environment. 8.6.2 Natural resources SOMIL will make sure that the depletion of natural resources can be reduced if the consumption of scarce material is lessened and more efficient alternatives are chosen. 8.6.3 Environmental Pollution SOMIL will make sure that dangerous pollutants need to be eliminated from the environment and safe substitutes found. The environment protection is the major federal organization involved. [Ethical Partnership nd] 8.6.4 Child labour SOMIL we will make sure there is no possibility of child labour. Sometimes supervisors use this opportunity to pay this child less while they benefit against them. We will obey the law and perform as per given instructions. 8.6.5 Marketing SOMIL as a company which deal with products fall under the umbrella of the Marketing Mix (product, price, place and promotion) which describes the strategic position of a product in the market place. An enterprise involved in producing fruits products must have clear strategies of producing those products. Also the firm dealing with fruits production should have clear pricing strategies, promotion strategies and placing or distribution strategies. An enterprise we must be able to market what we produce and produce what we can market. Consumerism SOMIL fruits product manufacturer we agree that customer has right to be informed and protected against fraudulent, deceitful, and misleading statements, advertisement, labels Consumer safety SOMIL fruits product manufacturer we will make sure that, consumer are protected against dangerous and unsafe product. Consumer information and education SOMIL fruits product manufacturer we are aware that, consumer have right to be informed includes protection against fraudulent deceitful, or grossly misleading information advertising, labeling, pricing, packaging or other practices. Consumers choice SOMIL fruits product manufacturer we know that consumer has a right to choose means that consumers have available several products and brands for which select. Consumers right to be heard SOMIL fruits product industry, consumers has right to be heard means that consumers should be able to voice their opinions to business, government and other parties. This gives consumers input into the decisions that affect them. Advertisement/Promotion Promotion and advertisement our product should be an almost unconscious part of our everyday sales plan. We dont have to look far for an opportunity to market and merchandise juice. A great way to stand out from the competition is to produce our own juice, thereby offering customer juice beverages that cant be found elsewhere. SOMIL we have to understand our competitors, what they doing and we will take action against these competitors, especially as an entire generation or retail buyers is at stake. To reach the public, advertising is a necessity. We believe that advertising may reach non-juice drinkers and thus bring in additional customer to our business. Advertising deserves greater consideration as a part of the solution to certain

Technology †The Last Great Frontier :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Technology – The Last Great Frontier Introduction The technological frontier marks one of the last chapters in the development of American society. We have survived the cultivation of land, ranging from the first exploration of Christopher Columbus to the last expeditions of Buffalo Bill and the Wild West. Now, as there is no longer any land to explore, we must focus our attention on the rapidly increasing technological age. Without a doubt technology has blazed a pathway to a new and unmapped educational frontier. This frontier is pioneered by a completely new academic system: distance learning. The "distance learning" frontier features education of students from outside the traditional classroom setting through the use of technology. For example, quizzes are taken online, classes are taught over televisions, and degrees are earned on the Internet. Although this new and unexplored path has vastly expanded our academic horizons, just like the West expanded our country, we must not travel into the frontier without nurturing it first. In order to fully utilize technology we must cultivate the technology frontier in order to tame its communicational dangers. Background Just as the West promised to satisfy the needs and dreams of the American people in the nineteenth century, technology promises to satisfy our educational goals in the twenty-first century. The introduction of the Internet in the 1980’s served as the first pioneer to the technological frontier. Never before in history had academic information been so readily available at the click of a button. This new system of learning sparked excitement and interest in the minds of students and faculty members because it provided a potentially better way of learning. At first glance, the technological frontier creates an illusion of a quick and convenient educational system; however, this is not totally true. The technology frontier is still a new and unmapped territory, and there have not been an abundance of studies or writings that explain its possible benefits or dangers. Chris Piotrowski and Stephen Vodanovich, pioneers in the expansion of technological based learning, conducted a synthesis of the available research in the field. Their procedure for identifying relevant studies was to conduct a series of searches on educational databases. The results showed that "investigations about technological based instruction have not been supported by the extent of literature" (3). The conductors of this experiment claim that successful ways to incorporate technology into education have not been carefully examined or researched. Technology – The Last Great Frontier :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers Technology – The Last Great Frontier Introduction The technological frontier marks one of the last chapters in the development of American society. We have survived the cultivation of land, ranging from the first exploration of Christopher Columbus to the last expeditions of Buffalo Bill and the Wild West. Now, as there is no longer any land to explore, we must focus our attention on the rapidly increasing technological age. Without a doubt technology has blazed a pathway to a new and unmapped educational frontier. This frontier is pioneered by a completely new academic system: distance learning. The "distance learning" frontier features education of students from outside the traditional classroom setting through the use of technology. For example, quizzes are taken online, classes are taught over televisions, and degrees are earned on the Internet. Although this new and unexplored path has vastly expanded our academic horizons, just like the West expanded our country, we must not travel into the frontier without nurturing it first. In order to fully utilize technology we must cultivate the technology frontier in order to tame its communicational dangers. Background Just as the West promised to satisfy the needs and dreams of the American people in the nineteenth century, technology promises to satisfy our educational goals in the twenty-first century. The introduction of the Internet in the 1980’s served as the first pioneer to the technological frontier. Never before in history had academic information been so readily available at the click of a button. This new system of learning sparked excitement and interest in the minds of students and faculty members because it provided a potentially better way of learning. At first glance, the technological frontier creates an illusion of a quick and convenient educational system; however, this is not totally true. The technology frontier is still a new and unmapped territory, and there have not been an abundance of studies or writings that explain its possible benefits or dangers. Chris Piotrowski and Stephen Vodanovich, pioneers in the expansion of technological based learning, conducted a synthesis of the available research in the field. Their procedure for identifying relevant studies was to conduct a series of searches on educational databases. The results showed that "investigations about technological based instruction have not been supported by the extent of literature" (3). The conductors of this experiment claim that successful ways to incorporate technology into education have not been carefully examined or researched.

How an Individual’s Health Affects the Entire Family’s Function?

How an individual's health affects the entire family's function and how does the family's ability to function affects each individual member's health? Using Family System theory, this paper investigates the mutual impacts that the family and the individual have on each other, and the importance of family nursing for providing clinical support to both the family and individual within the context of crisis. Examples would be provided to illustrate just how impacts are felt and how these are mediated through family functioning. The thesis in this paper is that family functioning has an important impact on the health of individual members, as the individual depends on the family for support and protection from the larger social unit, the society; on the other hand, individual health can put enormous strain on the functioning of the family, primarily through relationships. Family Functioning on Individual Member's Health In order to appreciate the impact that family functioning has on the health of its individual members, one must recognize the family as not only a collection of individuals whose physical proximity exposes its members to infections and environmental contaminants, but an economic unit that provides material and emotional support to its members within the larger social context (Ross, Mirowsky, ; Goldsteen, 1990). While health and sickness takes place within the family, two of the important questions asked are the ways in which family functioning has an impact on generating and on altering the health of its individual members. An understanding of the functioning of the family involves looking at the causal chains, the conditional effects and structural amplifications. While the impacts of the family on the individual could vary in correlation, there are conditions within the family that increase, decrease, or even reverse, the correlation. It is therefore the combination of causal chains and conditional effects that combine to erode certain barriers that help reduce the impact of the society on individual wellbeing (Ross et al., 1990, p. 1061). Individual physical and emotional wellbeing are therefore impacted by the structural aspects of the family, which include marriage, parenthood, wife's employment and the family's social and economic status (Ross et al., 1990, p. 1061). Family functioning is said to have an impact on individual health and this is seen in the family performing a protective barrier in mental health diseases and being shown as having an important role in â€Å"pathogenesis, treatment, and recovery† of the individuals, particularly with patients with mood, anxiety, substance abuse disorders and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (Garcia-Huidobro, Puschel ; Soto, 2012, p. e198). In the case where the individual family members suffers from biomedical illness such as diabetes, hypertension, asthma, obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the family is seen as more involved in the outcome of the disease for the ill family member. However, research has shown that family functioning style has an effect on the health of family members, and that poor family functioning has a cumulative effect and contributes to poor health on the part of family members (Garcia-Huidobro et al., 2012, p. e198). Where there are relational problems in families, individual family members were found to be more likely to experience psychiatric and behavioural conditions. Where the family is under stress, individual family members are likely to experience conditions related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (Garcia-Huidobro et al., 2012, p. e202). In their study, these authors defined family functioning as covering â€Å"family agreement, cohesion, family support, problem-solving strategies, commitment, internal resources, and strengths† (Garcia-Huidobro et al., 2012, p. e202). It was when there was breakdown in at least some of these areas that health of individual family members were shown to be affected. This, family functioning was seen to be responsible or causative of certain individual health conditions. In the case of vision loss, the family is seen as playing a very important role in helping the individual to adjust to this loss. The reason for this is that family members are generally the ones that live with the individual family member that is afflicted, know the nature and history of his or her condition, have observed how the family member copes and has coped with the low vision and related life stressors, accompany the afflicted family member to appointments and examinations, and serve as communicators with health professionals (Bambara, Wadley, Owsley, Marin, Porter ; Dreer, 2009, p. 138). The degree to which the family is functioning well, to that degree will the family help the family member to cope with his or her situation. The amount of support that the family provides to this family member with this chronic condition depends on the severity of the vision loss, the impact of that loss on the individual's daily living and ability to be independent, the number and nature of comorbid conditions that the individual has, living arrangements, financial resources and the individual's access to services and resources, all play a part in reveling how the family impacts the individual's health. The degree to which the family is able to support the individual family member during this difficult period is the degree to which the individual family member is able to cope with his or her loss of vision (Bambara et al., 2009. P. 139). Smith, Greenberg and Mallick Seltzer (2007) also shows how family functioning could have an impact on chronic diseases in individual members. According these researchers, siblings are affected to the degree that they have a relationship with the sibling that is chronically ill, and with the amount of help that they contribute to help in caring for the sibling. Therefore, if family functioning is such that the siblings have strong relationships, this is likely to help the sibling with the chronic condition has better health outcomes (Smith et al., 2007). In their research, Rosland, Heisler, and Piette (2012) pointed out that according to previous studies â€Å"family autonomy, support, overprotectiveness, and good communication (were) . . . influential to patient illness management† (p. 221). As family members came together to emphasis self-reliance and personal achievement, as they cooperated and became more cohesive as a unit, and as they provided greater attention to the family member that was chronically ill, the chronically ill patient showed much better improvement (Rosland et al., 2012, p. 228). It was also noted that positive marital and family function predicted better control of the chronic illness and better outcome and survival for the chronically ill patient (Rosland et al., 2012, p.,. 228). Individual Health on Family Functioning When a family member is ill, this has the impact of disrupting the family functioning, as family members are often required to make adjustments to their daily lives. This is particularly the case when a family member develops a chronic disease, for not only must family members make changes to the family's routine, but in many instances roles, responsibilities and boundaries change (Lawrence, 2012). Individual chronic illness also affects the family in terms of the self-image and self-esteem of family members, but chronic illness could also affect the emotional lives of family members by triggering â€Å"anxiety, depression, resentments, feelings of helplessness, as well as ill-ness related factors such as illness-related factors such as permanent changes in physical appearance and bodily functioning† (Lawrence, 2012, p. 21). When a family member is ill, there are spillover effects on the family as family members experience emotional, non-health, and somatic effects (Wittenberg, Saada, ; Prosser, 2013). While emotional effects were thought of as psychological spillover, the non-health effects come about as family members have to re-arrange their daily activities and facilitation of caregiving, with parents experiencing the greatest spillover effects when children are ill, while children had the fewest spillover effects when parents were ill (Wittenberg et al., 2013). Some of the effects of an individual's illness on the family were seen in family members experiencing caregiver burden and increased mortality; however, in some instances the impact of the individual's illness had positive effects in those caring for the ill individual, including sense of altruism and purpose (Wittenberg et al., 2013). These researchers noted in their research that it was not only the caregivers within the family that were affected by the individual's illness, as other family members. For example, children who were not involved in the caregiving of their ill parents were shown to be affected. However, the interdependence between the ill individual and other members of the family influenced the manner in which the family was affected. The spillover effects of the ill individual on to the family varied. Spouses showed a wide range of effects across domains, because of the interdependence, but also because of responsibility shifting and having to cope with the direct effects of the illness (Wittenberg et al., 2013, p. 8). Not only are spouses often the primary provider for the ill individual, but they often feel enormous stress in coping and may feel trapped in trying to recognize the dependence and autonomy of the patient, while still trying to cope with their own needs (Lawrence, 2012, p. 21). Spouses may also experience feelings of powerlessness in not being able to help with their spouses' pain, and the pressure of being strong when in effect they are feeling emotionally drained (Lawrence, 2012, p. 21). Parents of ill children showed the lest spillover effects, possibly because they knew generally about the condition of their children, and their expectation of the outcome helped to improve spillover effects (Wittenberg et al., 2013, p. 8). When a child has a chronic illness, this has an impact on the family as a whole, but also on the relationships within the family (Alderfer, Riese, Gold, Cutuli, Holmbeck et al., 2008, p. 1046). At the same time, it must be recognized that the functioning of the family has an impact on the child's health, for with conflict within the family, the outcome of treatment such as bringing down the HbA1c level for an adolescent with Type 1 diabetes could be negatively impacted (Alderfer et al., 2008, p. 1046). Assessment and reduction in family conflict may be important in such an intervention to control the adolescent's HbA1c level (Alderfer et al., 2008, p. 1046). Parents of children with chronic illnesses also experience negative impact on their relationship, as one parent may need to spend more time with the ill child and so less time with the spouse. Some of the effects of this on family function, according to Lawrence (2012) include â€Å"communication problems, higher divorce rates, increased relationship conflict, increased role strain, and decreased relationship satisfaction† (p. 21). In short, quality of life of family members is also affected when a family member has a chronic disease for while there may be physical effects and psychological distress, there could also be social problems (Golics, Khurshid, Basra, Salek, ; Finlay, 2013, p. 787). In the case of parents of children with chronic illnesses, where the chronic condition is in dermatological diseases, parents may experience worry, frustration and stress, whereas in the case of chronic conditions involving physical and mental disabilities, parents may experience social problems. But there could be serious emotional impacts on family members, for as pointed out, research has shown that â€Å"family members of patients can be more emotionally affected by illness than patients themselves† (Golics et al., 2013, p. 787). In fact, in their study these researchers showed that family members demonstrated that the impact included not only worry, frustration and anger, but also of guilt (Golics et al., 2013, p. 790). Negative impacts of individual chronic health on family functioning include change in daily activities, deterioration in family relationships, loss of sleep and negative impact on health, lack of support from friends and family support,, increased involvement in providing care, disruption in studies, negative financial impact, decreased social life, and inability to make firm plans (Golics et al., 2009, 790 – 794). However, these researchers pointed out that in their study, they had one positive effect of the individual's chronic health on the family, and that led to â€Å"the family improving as a result of the patient's illness., with members of the family pulling together to support each other† (Golics et al., 2009, p. 794). In the case of adult children and their elderly parents, acknowledgement that their parent's life span was shorter also led to fewer spillover effects (Wittenberg et al., 2013). Results of this study revealed that the illness of a family member had vast effects on the family, affecting the overall functioning of the family, and having physical and emotional and spillover effects on family members (Wittenberg et al., 2013). In chronic conditions, it is likely that emphasis on quality of care for elderly patients could be a means of providing positive impacts on family functioning. End of life care usually involves an understanding between elderly parents and their children. In a study involving elderly parents and their adult children, a common understanding was that trust in treating physician, avoidance of unwanted life support, effective communication nd continuity of care and life completion were facts that both groups found important (Heyland, Dodek, Rocker, Groll, Gafni et al., 2006, p. 1, 6).Other family members are affected in different ways by the chronic health condition of an individual family members. As noted, family functioning is affected, as family members have to go through stages to adjust to the chronic illness of their individual family member. Some of the adjustments that have to be made in the case of family members of the individual family member with low vision are â€Å"shock-denial, mourning-withdrawal, succumbing-depression. Reassessment-reaffirmation, coping-mobilization, and self-acceptance-self-esteem† (Bambara et al., 2009, p. 138). Basically, what is involved here is that the family goes through a period of adjustment, starting off with possibly shock and denial, and moving through various phases to the point where they have to accept that conditions have changed and that they have to make changes to their lives. In this case of low vision, changes could involve helping the family member purchase equipment that is not covered by insurance, helping in dealing with loss of wages, and covering economic deals (Bambara, 2009, p. 138).Implications for Nursing These findings reveal that clinical nursing also has an important role in providing psychosocial support for patients and families. Recognizing the impact of chronic disease on the family member and family, nursing therapy could be important in providing the emotional support needed for family members and for better functioning of the family as a whole. A study into the impact of Huntington's disease on families and spouses reveal the need for effective family therapy around easing marital conflict as well as parents' fears and anxieties over transmission of disease to children (Smolina, 2007, p. 14). Children's perception of the disease is also influenced by the behaviour of parents and so â€Å"family dynamics, taboos, expectations, loaded issues and the general attitude toward the disease† are all factors that require therapy (Smolina, 2007, p. 10). Clinical nursing therapy can ensure that perceptions related to end of life are shared by elderly patients and their adult children in end of life care discussions, as seen as important in earlier study (Heyland et al., 2006). Conclusion Chronic disease of a family member can have physical, social, and emotional impact on the other family members, and to have mostly negative effects on family functioning, as conflict, breakdown in relationships, stress and its related effects, depression, anxiety, guilt, and more could result. Although there have been some positive effects observed, namely, altruism and purpose, these are often dwarfed in terms of the negative effects. However, in turn, individuals with chronic conditions are influenced by their family functions, with poor functioning resulting in deterioration of their health or leading to the onset of some of these conditions. Using the dynamics of family theory, clinical nursing therapy could provide much needed support.