Comment on John R. Clarke's analysis of THE GOLEM observe and describe Essay

Decentralization and Democratization in Indonesia

Decentralization and Democratization in Indonesia Section Six Exercises and Implications The adjustments in Indonesia have been incrementalWe still have the New Order, or a large portion of it. Anyway, the destructive parts are as yet reigning in. We have another organization yet the New Order holds returning different ways. Dwight T. King[1] It is a conundrum that, in a time when majority rules system appears to have risen as the absolute most adequate type of political association, an ever increasing number of individuals in both develop and youthful popular governments are withdrawing from the political procedure. Knight, Chigudu Tandon (2002) †¦a breakdown of a tyrant system might be reversed†¦even if majority rule government is built up, it need not be combined. Under specific conditions, majority rule foundations may efficiently create results that cause some politically significant powers to decide on tyranny. Thus, solidified popular government is just one among the potential results of breakdown of dictator systems. Pzeworski (1991: 51) Presentation The conversation in past sections gives an establishment to significant hypothetical bits of knowledge with respect to the nature and the criticalness of decentralization in Indonesia, just as its connection to democratization in the locales. I have accentuated how decentralization rehearses in the areas advance well known investment in neighborhood political procedures past constituent cooperation. All things considered, the encounters of Bandung District and City of Cirebon in actualizing decentralization somewhere in the range of 1945 and 2006 loan backing to the contention that decentralization doesn't really prompt the development of nearby popular government inside which neighborhood standard individuals can apply their capacity to essentially impact nearby dynamic procedure. In spite of the fact that advancing majority rules system has gotten one of the expressed objectives of a few decentralization laws, their requirement in the two areas has not advanced important consideration of nearby standard individuals in neighborhood political procedures past constituent interest. Truth be told, it has been the most fragile purpose of decentralization rehearses in the two areas. By and large, the two contextual analyses share a comparable topic, in particular that force remains really packed in the hands of nearby elites and subsequently, neighborhood networks are continually und erestimated. Against this scenery, in this part, I will inspect various variables which have surrounded the equitable capability of the decentralization program in Indonesia. In view of the encounters of an assortment of nations, a few scholars propose that effective decentralization strategies are dependent upon certain individual or aggregate essentials. These include: a high level of focal state limit, an all around created common society, solid political will among national just as nearby political elites, solid social help, a long understanding of popular government, an entrenched multi-party framework, solid empowering legitimate structures, and a culture of responsibility, and so forth (Rondinelli, McCullough Johnson 1989: 77-78; Crook Manor 1995: 327; Ardaya Thevoz 2001: 220; Heller 2001: 138-139). As to affirmation, investigators likewise accentuate that the degree to which these conditions work fluctuates across nations. This implies a few conditions work generally well in specific nations, yet in others they don't viably encourage the expressed objectives of decentralization approaches (Kulipossa 2004: 771). Furthermore, Smoke (2003: 12) and Ku lipossa (2004: 772) additionally cause to notice the way that there are situations where decentralization can accomplish its latent capacity benefits without those conditions, just as situations where a large portion of those essentials are set up, however decentralization has been sabotaged. Against the above line of figured, I would contend here that to a limited degree, the unfulfilled majority rule capability of decentralization rehearses in Bandung and Cirebon can likewise be related with the nonattendance of a portion of the above good conditions. These incorporate frail political will among both national and neighborhood political specialists, the nonattendance of a lively respectful society, and the absence of a mindful open. Obviously, these variables differ across time and systems. Most importantly, the nonattendance of these ideal conditions for satisfying the vote based capability of decentralization seems to result from three perspectives: first, from the beginning, decentralization in Indonesia has been seen and grasped by Indonesian political elites principally as an issue of political procedure; second, the long-standing tyrant arrangement of government; and third, the supremacy of even minded over political decentralization approach, both normatively and exactly. Decentralization in Indonesia: a matter of systems political technique? Among the most significant variables which decides the plan and the genuine acts of decentralization and thusly, its normal results (e.g., improving open help conveyance, keeping up national incorporation and advancing nearby vote based system) is the inspiration of key entertainers in embracing the strategy in any case (Selee Tulchin 2004). The encounters of many creating nations in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, for example, bear witness to that the intentions of lawmakers that grasp decentralization arrangements are not really as highminded as the individuals who plan them. Truth be told, Smoke and Gomez (2006 : 351; see additionally, for instance, Eaton 2001a; Shah Thompson 2004: 3-4) see that in spite of the effectiveness and great administration talk encompassing decentralization, the fundamental force has been naturally political, implying that the selection of decentralization has been connected to focal governments want to achieve their own specific political interests. Th e variables basic political intrigue are nation and system explicit. They incorporate, for example, supporting their authenticity according to residents as a rule in the midst of national political emergency, rivalry with rival ideological groups for famous help, pressure from subnational governments for additional forces, and open door for a decision gathering to combine power (Selee Tulchin 2004: 299-302; Smoke Gomez 2006 : 351). Numerous onlookers accept that these sorts of political intentions have somewhat represented the disappointment of decentralization rehearses in many creating nations to convey its vote based potential (Eaton 2001a; Friedman Kihato 2004; Oxhorn 2004). Indonesias decentralization experience isn't a special case to the above wonder. In spite of the fact that advancing democratization has been one of the expressed objectives of Indonesias decentralization programs, there has been noteworthy hole among talk and reality. The nonstop minimization of neighborhood individuals from nearby political procedures has been incompletely established in the ‘undemocratic political thought processes of both national and neighborhood political elites in receiving and actualizing decentralization strategy. As clarified in Chapter Three, decentralization in Indonesia has never been developed in a political vacuum. Henceforth, I would contend that the degree, example and procedure of decentralization has been emphatically impacted by, getting Montero and Samuels term (2004: 5), political determinants, i.e., system reactions to changing conditions and motivators inside the setting of quick political and monetary changes. During the insurgency period, decentralization approaches perceived the guideline of broad self-governance in all districts of the recently free Republic. Be that as it may, such strategies were really built by national political elites as a methods for setting up and keeping up national authority over numerous previously working neighborhood governments in those areas recently involved by the pioneer government. The polices were additionally built to satisfy other political finishes, in particular to increase universal acknowledgment, as contained in both Law No. 1 of 1945 and No. 22 of 1948 notwithstanding Dutch allegations that Indonesia was a manikin condition of the Japanese. In this manner, in spite of authentic cases that decentralization was held onto as a basic methodology in emerging a majority rule framework due to the countrys size and differing qualities, the grasp of the strategy during this period was not really identified with the expectation of creating significant j ust framework inside the nation since those two fundamental laws were not trailed by any reasonable operational bearings at all on how a law based arrangement of government would be made on the ground. This case is underscored by the way that there was no huge change as far as neighborhood political procedures in Bandung, Cirebon or different districts in the nation. As Maryanov (1958: 9) additionally watched, A significant number of the organizations and practices embraced or used by autonomous Indonesia have been impressions of those built up by the Netherlands East Indies†¦alterations in legislative structure ended up being minor†¦patterns of authoritative conduct remained established in the Dutch customary methods. Appropriately, the encounters of both Bandung and Cirebon during post-freedom until mid 1950s uncovered that, with the exception of the foundation of neighborhood government structures, the implementation of Law No. 1 of 1945 and No. 22 of 1948 permitted neither compelling decentralization nor democratization in the districts. Obviously, the political circumstance during progressive period likewise added to the restricted authorization of the arrangements in the districts. By a similar token, there were three unequivocal political elements which drove national political elites to receive propelled decentralization arrangement as contained in Law No. 1 of 1957 which â€Å"greatly expanded the intensity of chose authoritative committees in the areas, rules, and municipalities† and set for more extensive territorial position vis-à -vis the focal government (Feith 1962: 552). These variables were, initial, a sort of political guarantee by the legislature of Republic of Indonesia to the previous constituent conditions of the Repu

An Overview of the Treatments for Depression

An Overview of the Treatments for Depression February 24, 2020 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids Depression is treatable and most people see improvements in their symptoms when treated with medication, psychotherapy, or a combination of the two. But treatment should be  individualized. What works for one person might not necessarily work for another. Its important to talk to your physician and treatment team about which options may be most effective in reducing your depression. Verywell / Cindy Chung 7 Types of  Psychotherapy That Are Effective for Depression The word therapy is used to describe many different types of treatments. Psychotherapists often use a specific type of therapy to treat depression. Some of them use an eclectic approach, based on a clients treatment needs.   While there are many different types of therapy, a 2013 study examined which therapies are most effective for depression. Researchers found that the following therapies were equally effective in reducing depression. Interpersonal therapy is relatively short in duration. Sessions are highly structured. Its based on the idea that your relationships are at the forefront of depression. The goal of treatment is to help patients improve skills, such as communication skills and conflict-resolution skills.  Cognitive behavioral therapy  focuses on helping people identify and replace cognitive distortions and behavioral patterns that reinforce depressive feelings. It is usually short-term and it focuses on present problems and skills teaching.  Social skills therapy  teaches patients how to establish healthy relationships. The goal is for patients to improve communication and learn how to build a strong social network with individuals based on honesty and respect.  Psychodynamic therapy is often featured in movies or pop culture. It involves helping patients explore their unconscious and unhealed emotional wounds from the past. The goal is to help people learn how their depression is related to past expe riences and unresolved conflicts. The therapist helps patients address those issues so they can move forward in a productive manner.  Supportive counseling  is unstructured and focuses on listening to the patient. Patients are invited to address whatever issues they want to talk about and the therapist uses empathy to provide understanding and support.Behavioral activation raises awareness of pleasant activities. The therapist seeks to increase positive interactions between the patient and the environment. By getting active and engaging in more pleasurable activities, symptoms of depression may be reduced.Problem-solving therapy  aims to define a patients problems. Then, multiple solutions are offered. The therapist helps the patient evaluate options and choose a solution.?? The 7 Best Online Help Resources for Depression Family or Couple Therapy Family or couple therapy may be considered when depression affects others in the household. Therapy that involves other family members focuses on the interpersonal relationships. The roles played by various family members in a patients depression may be examined. Education about depression in a general way may also be a part of family therapy.?? Hospitalization Hospitalization  may become necessary when it is deemed that a patient has become a danger to himself or others. A patient who is seriously considering suicide, for example, may require inpatient hospitalization.?? If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911. Hospitalization may involve individual therapy, family therapy, and group therapy. A patient may also be prescribed medication. Once a patient is safe to leave the hospital, an intensive outpatient program, such as a partial hospital may be recommended. These services take place for several hours each day to help support a persons recovery from their  depression.   Medications There are many different medications that can help reduce the symptoms of depression. Most studies have found medication is most effective when it is used in conjunction with therapy. Here are some classes of medication that are commonly used to treat depression:   Tricyclic antidepressants  (TCAs) â€" were among the first developed antidepressants. They have more side effects than newer antidepressants but can be more effective for certain patients. These include Elavil (amitriptyline), Tofranil (imipramine) and Pamelor (nortriptyline).  Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) â€"  are another older type of antidepressant. If you are taking an MAOI, you will have to follow certain  dietary restrictions  to prevent a reaction that can cause  high blood pressure. You will also have to be careful about interactions with certain other medications. Like tricyclics, these are not generally used first line, but can sometimes be helpful for more difficult to treat depressions. MAOIs include Marplan (isocarboxazid), Nardil (phenelzine) and Parnate (tranylcypromine).Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) â€"  are the most commonly prescribed medication for depression today. Prozac (fluoxetine), Paxil (paroxetine), Zoloft (sertraline) Celexa (cital opram) and Luvox (fluvoxamine) are  commonly prescribed brand names. Compared to other antidepressant types, SSRIs tend to have fewer side effects. SSRIs should not be prescribed in conjunction with the older MAOIs due to the potential for a dangerously high level of serotonin to build up, which can cause  serotonin syndrome.  Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) â€"  are a newer type of antidepressant that works similarly to SSRIs only they also block the reuptake of norepinephrine along with serotonin. Common medications in this class are Effexor (venlafaxine), Cymbalta (duloxetine) and Pristiq (deslavenfaxine).Norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors  (NDRIs) â€"  Wellbutrin (bupropion) is in a class all by itself.  Wellbutrin is less likely to have the sexual side effects that are common in the other antidepressants.??Esketamine â€" Sold under the brand name Spravato, esketamine was FDA approved in March 2019. It is approved for adults with treatment-r esistant depression, meaning other medication options have not worked for them, and needs to be prescribed together with an oral antidepressant. The medication itself is a nasal spray that works quickly in the bodyâ€"within hours, compared to the weeks or months other medications take to work. However, there are risks associated with it. Esketamine is a variant of the hallucinogenic drug ketamine and may cause sedation and out-of-body experiences. Patients receiving the drug are monitored for several hours after taking it, and can only receive the drug at a certified location.?? ?? ?? What Happens When Depression Doesnt Respond to Treatment? Self-Help Strategies Self-help  methods for the treatment of depression may be helpful for someone who is unable to access professional resources or to someone with mild symptoms. Self-help strategies may include the following: Support groups  â€" They allow you to talk to other people who can relate to the issues and symptoms you are experiencing. Many people report support groups to reassure them that theyre not alone and provide them with ideas and resources.??Online resources  â€"  There are many websites, newsletters, and online programs that specifically help people with depression.  Self-help books  â€" Books  can offer many of the same skills that people gain in therapy but it requires readers to be able to apply the information to their own lives. Many self-help books are available for free through local libraries.?? 8 Ways to Improve Your Mood When Living With Depression

Eats, Shoots Leaves Why, Commas Really Do Make A Difference!

When British author Lynne Trusss book for adults Eats, Shoots Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation was published, it became a bestseller, an unusual occurrence for a book that is all about punctuation. Now Lynne Truss has a delightful new childrens picture book that is based on her bestseller. Eats, Shoots Leaves: Why, Commas Really Do Make A Difference! takes a humorous look at how the placement of commas can totally change the meaning of a sentence. The Focus of Eats, Shoots Leaves As Lynne Truss points out in the Introduction, Commas can create havoc when they are left out or are put in the wrong spot, and the results of misuse can be hilarious. With humor, Truss emphasizes the importance of punctuation marks, specifically commas. Children who are learning how to punctuate their sentences will get a kick out of seeing what can go wrong when a comma is misused and how important it is to the meaning of a sentence to place commas correctly. The Layout of Eats, Shoots Leaves Each set of facing pages contains the same sentence. One of the sentences is punctuated properly; in the other, the commas are in the wrong place, with hilarious results. Each sentence is printed in black ink, except for the commas, which are red, making them stand out in the sentence. Each sentence is illustrated with very funny, full-page pen and watercolor sketches by Bonnie Timmons. For example, the sentence Look at that huge hot dog! shows a picnic scene with a man grilling a hot dog that is three times bigger than he is. The sentence Look at that huge, hot dog! shows a large, hot-looking dog slobbering over a kiddy pool as the little girl in it splashes him. Learning with Eats, Shoots Leaves At the end of the book, there is a two-page, illustrated spread titled Why These Commas Really Do Make A Difference. For each set of sentences, there are thumbnails of the illustrations and an explanation of the function of the comma(s) in the sentences. For example, in the Look at that huge hot dog! sentence, the author points out that Without a comma, huge modifies hot dog. Teachers will enjoy using the book because it illustrates the importance of punctuation in a way that will engage students interest. When I was a kid, I didnt see why punctuation, other than a period at the end of a sentence, mattered, and I suspect that many kids feel that way today. This book will change their minds. The funny sentences and illustrations will also help them to remember the points the author makes about commas. The Author and Illustrator of Eats, Shoots Leaves Author Lynne Truss has a background as a literary editor, novelist, television critic, and newspaper columnist. She is also the author of a number of radio comedy dramas. According to her publisher, Lynne Truss also hosted Cutting a Dash, a popular BBC Radio 4 series about punctuation. She now reviews books for the Sunday Times of London and is a familiar voice on BBC Radio 4. An outgrowth of Lynn Trusss radio series about punctuation, Eats, Shoots Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation became a bestseller in England. In the United States, it has also become a major bestseller. The childrens picture book version, Eats, Shoots Leaves: Why, Commas Really Do Make A Difference!, has also proven popular. By September 2006, it had already been on the New York Times list of bestselling childrens books for five weeks. If the illustrations by Bonnie Timmons look somewhat familiar to you, it may be because you watched the TV series Caroline in the City. Timmons drew all of the cartoons for the NBC series. She has also done a lot of work on national advertising campaigns and has illustrated several other books. Eats, Shoots Leaves: My Recommendation I recommend Eats, Shoots Leaves: Why, Commas Really Do Make A Difference! for children 8-12. The book would also make an excellent gift for teachers, including home-schooling parents. (G.P. Putnams Sons, A Division of Penguin Young Readers Group, 2006. ISBN: 0399244913)

Freedom Bears No Sole Definition - 927 Words

Freedom bears no sole definition. It could be defined as the right to free will, or to liberty. Even so, freedom is subjective and relative to one’s perception of the meaning of the word. For African Americans, the civil war can be interpreted as their â€Å"crossroads of freedom†, but were they truly free? The Union and Confederates had been enthralled in war mainly for the cause of eliminating the horrific institution of slavery (the south fought for the opposite), and though the end of the Civil War brought the amendments that made African Americans autonomous from a legal standpoint, they hardly could be considered free from an all-encompassing point of view. Socially and economically, African Americans were poised to be unequal even though the law said otherwise. From the time that slave traders abducted people from their homes from Africa, there would be great disparity in how they would be treated in every dimension of their life. One of the earliest implications of this polarity occurred in the late 1630s when Anthony Johnson, a slave who gained his freedom and became a relatively prosperous farmer, had his will made null when he died. The judge declared Anthony Johnson â€Å"was a Negroe and by consequence an alien† (Clayborne Carson 48), and thus his land originally deeded to his son, was given to a white plantation owner. Johnson had apparently gained his freedom, but having one’s written will revoked is hardly something that would happen to a â€Å"free† man. Without doubt,Show MoreRelated1st and 2nd Amendment1723 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ The First and Second Amendments of the United States Constitution On September 25, 1789, The Bill Of Rights was submitted to the states for approval, based on the previous Constitutions insufficient assurances for civil freedom, liberties and justice. 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In order to do so, it will critically evaluate the key features between classical and modern positivism as well as the extent to which some modern positivist theories such as Hart and Raz p rovide a successful definition of law. Legal Positivism Legal positivism is a prominent concept of the nature of law in jurisprudence. It is a philosophy of law that highlights the orthodox nature of law which is that the law is socially constructed and that the existence andRead MoreJohn Locke s Two Treatises Of Government1345 Words   |  6 PagesOf Government Most scholarship that links John Locke’s ideas with eighteenth- century representations of childhood approaches children as Lockean pedagogic subjects ready for moral and intellectual education. 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Kudler Fine Foods E-Commerce Website Free Essays

Kudler Fine Foods E-Commerce Website Kudler Fine Foods E-Commerce Website * Introduction â€Å"E Commerce is one of the most important facets of the Internet to have emerged in the recent times. Ecommerce or electronic commerce involves carrying out business over the Internet with the assistance of computers, which are linked to each other forming a network. To be specific, ecommerce would be buying and selling of goods and services and transfer of funds through digital communications† (Benefits of Ecommerce†,  2007). We will write a custom essay sample on Kudler Fine Foods E-Commerce Website or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the launch of Kudler Fine Foods new eCommerce solution quickly approaching, this is an exciting time for Kudler and its staff. The benefits of this expansion will not only increase revenue for the company, but afford the opportunity to create new jobs and provide a new range of services to all customers. From the customer’s perspective, everything will start from the Kudler Fine Foods homepage. The home page will maintain the original look and design, but the customer will notice two new additions when visiting. The first addition will be a â€Å"shop† link included in the navigation bar. This will bring the customer into the store’s inventory of items available for online purchase. These new features and services will now be explained, as well as a step by step walk through the customer will experience when making online purchases. Shop When Shop is selected in the navigation toolbar at the top of the website the user opens a new webpage. This webpage is the â€Å"shop† page where the user sees a dropdown box giving them the following categories to choose from: Bakery, Meat and Seafood, Produce, Cheese and Dairy and final Wine. After selecting the category the user will then click on the â€Å"shop† button to the right. They will then be sent that category webpage to make their purchases. Purchase of Items To purchase items the user will see the category webpage where there is a list of all the products offered for this category. Each item will have a description of the product and the price of each item. There is an â€Å"add† button at the end of each item description where the user can choose to purchase this item by â€Å"clicking† on the add button. At the top of each category page the user has the option to go to the other category pages by clicking on the â€Å"go to† button for each category listed on that button. At the bottom of each page there are two buttons to choose; View Cart and Checkout. View Cart View cart allows the user to see all the items that they have chosen to purchase. A list of each item with their price will be shown. At the end of each item row there is a â€Å"remove† button where the user can remove the item from the list. This is the only location the user can remove their items they have chosen to purchase. At the bottom of this page there are buttons to choose to go to the other category pages or to checkout page. If the user chooses to go to another category and selects and item from that page, it will be added to the view cart page. Even if the user goes all the way back to the â€Å"home† page they can start looking at other categories and each item will be added to the shopping cart where it can be seen on the view cart page. After the user has made all their choices to purchase, they can click on the â€Å"checkout† button at the bottom of the page to finalize their purchase. Checkout The checkout page is the final page the customer will need to go to in order to finish their purchase. Here the customer can see all of the items they have selected along with the total of the purchase they are about to make. It they want to remove an item they will need to go back to â€Å"view cart† where they can remove the item. Under the list and total of the items to be purchased, there is a form to fill out. This form is the Payment Information form needed to finish the purchase. Here the customer will input their Name, Address, Town/City, State and Zip code. Then they will select from the dropdown box which credit card they plan to use to make the purchase. After selecting the credit card, there is a box for the credit card number to be entered. After the customer enters in their credit card number, they can either choose the â€Å"submit† to finish the purchase or choose the â€Å"reset† button to clear out the form. If they choose to reset the form, the information will be deleted and they may begin a new ordering process. Marketing our website/promote website Marketing in e-commerce is just as important as the site itself. That brings us to how we can add code into our site to help make us more visible to search engines; meta data is what is used to make us visible to our customers. â€Å"Meta data is, quite simply, data about data. Your document is nothing but a piece of data for a search engine, and meta data helps describes and categorizes it. Webmasters place meta data inside their HTML documents, to help improve their ranking on search engines, and to help end-users locate their site† (â€Å"Marketing Your Website : Meta Data†,  1999). We will put a description meta tag and keyword metadata tag on each of the webpages we have made for the shopping feature. This way each category will be part of the web search when a customer is looking for one of our products. The metadata tags we are going to use will be the â€Å"description†, â€Å"keyword† (these will be on all webpages); â€Å"author†, â€Å"content-type†, â€Å"refresh† and â€Å"revised† tags (only one the shop page). The description tag lets you put the title of the page when the keyword tag is where you can put important keywords to be found when search engine can find it easier. The author tag shows all that look at our website who created it. The content-type tag shows what we used such as text, html and the UTF8. The refresh one allows the page to refresh at the time limit we set for each page. Then revised will show who ever has to update or modify the shopping pages will know when they were last done making it easier to keep up with the alterations. SEO (search engine optimization) is the process of optimizing a website so it will position well in search engines results. â€Å"This means designing your web pages so the search engines will find the right keywords in your web page content. Optimization is all about making sure the search engines will find information that will increase the chance of your page being included in search results†(â€Å"How to promote a website as part of the website design†, n. d. ). some ways to help in this area to make the site more visible include but not limited to include the main keywords in the website title, more keywords in the website description, keywords in the sidebar links, keywords in the content text, be sure all pages are reachable, and pages should be easy to navigate. A website can be submitted to search engines so they will know about it. This used to be a necessary step to notify search engines about new websites. Now search engines constantly monitor the Internet for new web pages (and changed web pages) so they will discover your website. â€Å"To ensure that your fresh content or site improvements don’t languish un-indexed, submit to Google an XML sitemap, which shows your site’s coding, each time you do an update. Google will help you correct any errors in the sitemap to make its indexing more accurate, and will crawl your site more often if you routinely send it XML sitemap updates. † (McElgunn, J. ) It is still a good idea to submit your website to all four major search engines (AOL, Google, MSN, and Yahoo) because these four primarily are the ones used for most Internet searches. Another way to increase the SEO for Kudler Fine Foods is with a Facebook page since they are used to get consumers from a social media. Creating a Facebook page for Kudler Fine Foods and getting the consumer to click on â€Å"like† on the page will boost the way the SEO ranks there website. Facebook is another way to notify customers of deals being offered so they will want to check them out on their website. More consumers viewing their website will move them to the top faster. We will add the Facebook logo to the top of each page so the customer can access it from the website. Publish/upload website Once the website has been created, the testing is complete, and the site is ready to go live we need to upload the files to our web server so our customers can start accessing and using the site. One easy option we can use is a program called FileZilla which uses an FTP (file transfer protocol) or we can use a web design product from the host that can upload all the files easily. With the FTP option we have to manually upload each file we want to use. If using a web design product it will upload everything you have at one time. â€Å"Be sure to thoroughly test the website after the upload to be sure all necessary files were successfully uploaded and work correctly. When you need to update a web page you can just upload that page (and related files) and the upload will overwrite the old files. NOTE – Some web design software products save web pages in their own unique file format and automatically convert the files to web format files (e. . HTML) when the upload/publish function is used. If you are going to use FTP software for your uploads, you will first need to do a save-as/export for the web page files to create HTML files. It is a good idea to save these files in a separate folder to make the FTP file selection easier as the web design unique format files do not need to be uploaded. Also, if you use FTP software for your uploads you must also uplo ad files and graphics used by the webpage† (â€Å"How To Publish/upload Web Pages†,  n. d. )†. Resource: Benefits of ecommerce. 2007). Retrieved from http://www. ecommerceprogram. com/ecommerce/benefits-of-ecommerce. asp How to publish/upload web pages. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. doawebsite. com/publish. html How to promote a website as part of the website design. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. doawebsite. com/promote. html Marketing your website : Meta Data. (1999). Retrieved from http://www. davidreilly. com/topics/electronic_commerce/web_marketing/meta-data. html McElgunn, J. Google Grabbers. Profit, Mar2008, Vol. 27 Issue1, p56-57, 2p. How to cite Kudler Fine Foods E-Commerce Website, Essay examples

Superhero Glamour free essay sample

Superheroes have been around for several of years providing people with a sense of relief from everyday problems. Superman, who is known as a superhero, has been the biggest hit in the movie industry since Titanic came out. However, what is a cinematic hero and who can be one. A cinematic hero is a person who usually possesses a depicted trait common to the notion of hero. He or she usually has emotional, physical, and moral strength as well as optimism and luck. Robert B. Ray looks at the way’s films have treated different characters as heroes. Heroes may be on both sides of the law. However, there are official heroes and outlaw heroes. The outlaw hero tends to represent a person who does not, for the most part feel comfortable in society and therefore, takes the law into his or hers’ own hands. Official heroes, on the other hand, symbolize adulthood and somewhat confident in society in which they make sacrifices for what they believe in. We will write a custom essay sample on Superhero Glamour or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Linda Seager, â€Å"Creating a Myth† defines how characters are created based on archetypes. However, most heroes are introduced as having a humble beginning until a devastating accident happens that begins the story. Therefore, the hero is transformed into an extraordinary person who over comes the obstacles required to achieve his or hers’ goal. Superheroes have extraordinary powers and a second identity; however cinematic heroes are a type of screen character with a solid name, such as Harry Potter, James Bond and Luke Skywalker. But then again Super heroes have started on Comics Books and therefore, are archetypes of today. What is glamour, and what comes to mind. Glamour is defined as emotion rather than beauty or luxury. When the audience’s dreams permit an emotional response is produced, which then is projected into glamour it’s self. Superheroes attract so many people because of their emotional appeal as well as their astonishing powers and capabilities. However, he or she might project glamour as an actress or supermodel, walking on the red carpet wearing the latest clothing designs. However, it is not just their looks and capabilities, but it is their adventures and the battle’s they fight. As Virgina Postrel said, â€Å" The real-world audience, by contrast, get’s a glimpse behind the mask, a chance to identify with character and to experience glamour once removed and to imagine what it would be like to be glamorous†, (13). Therefore, he or she who watches’ their favorite superhero get’s a sense of what it would be like to be a superhero. Overall Superheroes are the heroes of today providing us with a sense of heroism as well as glamour. These heroes have a past, which are not revealed to us, and therefore, has driven them to become the heroes of today. The settings for the audience in these movies are essential because everyone can relate to the environment persuaded in the story. Batman, for example has been around for several years. Bruce Wayne, who is known as the black night and a millionaire philanthropist, is a normal human being who decided to become a hero. However, when Bruce was young he witnessed his parents get murdered. Therefore, Alfred, the family’s butler, raised him. Haunted by his parent’s death, Bruce now dedicated his life to crime fighting. With the inheritances of money and technology from his parents, he has trained and learned many different skills. Batman has ultimately altered his life from his family’s death. Therefore, he is a hero of today. What makes him unique is that he is a normal person, and a hero within. Here is an excerpt according to E. Paul Zehr, who is a professor at the University of Victoria in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Although the man behind Batmans mask it just a regular person, its unlikely that an average person would have the genes, money and training to reach his superhero status†. Therefore, he has an exception that a hero is unlikely an average person, but someone with the correct genes as well as  necessary  assets. As a result, glamour is highly represented with batman. However, Spiderman was a normal high school kid who was experimenting with radiation in science class when a spider was radiated and bit him, which then gave him the strength and abilities of a spider. Also he is acknowledged for his inventions of web shooters, which he could swing from place to place. However, Batman was rich and Spiderman was poor, and rented a poorly constructed apartment. In conclusion both Batman and Spiderman were closer in comparison. They were both raised in a same manner of each other while dealing with the death of their family members. Also their apathy and glamour is highly represented as well. What is well noted is that they both have a symbol on their chest and never die. On the other hand there is Ironman. Ironman, just like Batman was born wealthy, highly intelligent, lost both parents, fights crimes and leads a life of solitude and self-hatred. However, there is the flip side of Ironman’s personal motivation. He spent a lifetime revelling in his precedent before becoming Ironman, but soon afterwards he found his true awakening in life to protect and serve the people to great lengths to let his enemies know that this was the beginning. As a result both Stark and Wayne lead a life of deliverance while both their enemies tried to break them and exploit their weaknesses. When comparing and contrasting, glamour is put fourth because we need both types to be able to learn from each other, seeking ways to both enjoy the way we want, and play the way we want and also be protected when we need to be. As Kirstin Vander Giessen-Reitsma say’s,† In spite of holes in the overarching themes of the story, Iron Man is still a well-constructed film that strikingly honors the visual culture from which it emerges and draws out significant threads for reflection. â€Å"The theme is the image of America abroad, whether we’re to be regarded as peacekeepers or ‘merchants of death,’ even whether one necessarily entails the other,†(7).

Kite Runner Essays

Kite Runner Essays Kite Runner Essay Kite Runner Essay Essay Topic: The Kite Runner American Military Academy British Literature 12-3 Prof. Minerva I. Mendez Analytical Essay #1 Kite Runner Essay Raymond Alexander Bravo Miranda #2 September 17, 2012 I chose to do my paper on the caste system. The caste system is an inherited social ranking of the classes and plays an important role throughout the Kite Runner. The book sates that there needs to be an order of the people to make sense of things worthwhile. The two boys try to defy that the caste system is nothing more than a state of mind. The Afghan people feel alienated from their own history because of the caste system. Kite fighting is a perfect example of the caste system. One has the fighter who attacks other kites, and the runner who chases he fallen kites. Hassan who is a Shia while Amir is Pashtun and has many more opportunities available to him because of his social class. Although they are friends, Amir is hesitant to acknowledge this while in public. I believe that the caste system imposes many of its own seemingly unintentional rules among the people. These systems even lead Amir to stand by while his servant was raped by local bullies. Even though there may not be any laws about certain issues, the caste system might impose and enforce them through hate and violence. The caste system forces people to be alienated from their own history. The novel depicts the story of Amir, an Afghan living in San Francisco who receives a call from his fathers friend living in Pakistan, a place which brings back bittersweet memoirs of childhood days spent in Kabul, Afghanistan. Amir narrates his idyllic childhood in Kabul where his father is well-endowed with much financial success, power, and prestige. Amir and his father render housing for their servants or to the socially disadvantaged people within their jurisdiction. As opposed to the wealthy background that Amir has grown accustomed to, Ali together with his son are the servants of Amir and his father and who have long remained within the distinction of being underprivileged. The novel centers on the theme of ocial class, a key factor that separates the world of Amir from Hassan and tries to hinder their true friendship from blossoming. As what caste system suggests, those who are under the dominant and powerful party must adhere to rendering service to those in the upper class. True enough, in the novel, Hassan respects and admires upper-class Amir amid neighborhood bullies and intimidation which make them stick together through any hindrance. It is in their friendship that the concept of caste syste m is explicated. A Caste System is a distinctive kind of social structure which divides people in accordance with inherited social status. According to Pruthi, A caste system manifests itself as a vertical structure in which individual castes are hierarchically graded and kept permanently apart, and at the same time, are linked by well-defined expectations and obligations†. In the stirring and humane novel, The Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini, the caste system is viewed intricately within the friendship of Amir and Hassan. The novel depicts the story of these two characters who live within the boundaries of social status and who try to defy that the caste system is nothing more than a state of mind. The novel portrays the challenges seen through the bounds of the caste system and is felt by the main characters. In Hosseini’s moving elegy, Amir’s personal quest is a vivid picture of the entire Afghan culture completely drowned in massive violence and despair; and explicates how the Afghan society feels alienated from their own history. Amir is a clear manifestation of how hard it is for Afghan expatriates to begin a new chapter in life and represents how the nation has become an enormous quagmire. Notably, the novel is about Amir’s journey to atone for something he did for his best friend coming from the lower class named Hassan while the two of them were competing in a local kite-fighting tournament. But it is being depicted that there is much more to the tournament than being a mere old winter tradition, it is a vivid manifestation of war against tyrant delineation in the society. The title itself is suggestive of a symbolic state of innocence that can only be obtained through serving others. Brian Smith writes in his book, â€Å"Classifying the Universe,† â€Å"It is widely claimed that the classification in the society is the basis for all of what people call thought, reason, and logic†. Within the given context, it is then viewed that to be able to make sense of things worthwhile, there should be an order within the society and organizing its constituents by dividing them into classes or categories. Smith continues to say, â€Å"In addition, categorization is an innate capacity and necessity of human beings in which the nature of the people’s mind is deeply examined†. More than a mere tradition, running a kite in Afghanistan is a showcase of social status and the race to gain dominance over the competitive field. As the game involves the servitude of those in lower class, in this case, Amirs assistant is Hassan who held the spool and fed the line. At the start of the story, Hassan is the innocent protagonist, serving Amir through running Amirs kite. In the storys conclusion, it is Amir who runs the line for Hassans kite. In whatever way the caste system is presented, it is shown that humans are bound to have kings and leaders or those they need to serve and follow. Given this situation, the novel suggests that creating social hierarchy is an inherent character of people and unknowingly and subconsciously, people are subject to a certain kind of social standing also known as caste system in various ways. The kite tournament is a race for social dominance and the kite itself is the much coveted prize in which it takes a mileage and a great deal of service and struggle to get a hold of it. In this sense, Amir is of great advantage because he has his own assistant to fight for him while Hassan is left with no other choice but to obey the customary tradition of a caste system and servitude. As it is being defined that â€Å"the caste system is a closed system of social stratification and it is also a system of social inequality in which the status of the people is permanently determined at birth based from their parents ascribed characteristics†, it is evident the novel validate the fact that social dominance is present in a society within the grounds of a caste system. Amir, coming from the United States and endowed with wealth and power, clearly manifests the cruel fact that what you have and what you possess define your position in the society. The novel’s utilization of The United States as Amir’s place where he grew as a man presented with so much opportunities explicates the conception that Amir is being cemented on a higher position in the society. This is because the United States is a first world country and is an effective tool to be used if one is trying to xpound more on the idea of social class and social structure. According to Hosseini, â€Å"when a kite runner had his hands on a kite, no one could take it from him. That wasn’t a rule. That was a custom†. This quotation states that though a caste system is never considered to be a rule, it is an accepted tradition or a custom in which the most coveted prize is the honor and dominance. Hosseini continues by saying, â€Å"For kite runners, the most coveted p rize was the last fallen kite of a winter tournament. It was a trophy of honor, something to be displayed on a mantle for guests to admire. In this sense, those who have the prize of dominance of power are deemed to be privileged. As a caste system is all about hierarchy, which serves as the main reference of the parts to the whole in the social system, Louis Dumont explains in his book Homo Hierarchicus, â€Å"it must be borne in mind that there is an intrusion of power into the domain of hierarchy†. When it comes to power, the novel provides a clear judgment on the exercise of power within the caste system as seen by how privileged is the dominant party and how the inferior party is left with nothing but scraps of those in endowed with power. Relating the concept of the caste system with the idea of stealing, Baba’s statement is reflective of how much the underprivileged are being robbed of their rights to equal opportunities and showcase of skills. As what Baba said to Amir, Now, no matter what the mullah teaches, there is only one sin, only one. And that is theft. Every other sin is a variation of theft†. Theft, in connection with the caste system, signifies how the socially disadvantaged are being robbed with the opportunity to equal rights and justice. Barnes wrote that a certain caste system can override some universal laws regarding the act of stealing and although several literatures conjure with the fact that everyone is to be judged according to the law and not according to family ties, social status, or political influence, it is not easy to enforce that principle. In this notion, the rules are followed and obeyed because they are objectively right and not because they are means to preserve the order and the law. With this statement, it is strongly suggested that Baba had inkling that stealing is one of the consequences of living within the horizons of the caste system. As it is noted that Baba is somewhat referring to the religious entities who exercise holiness to cover evil deeds or intentions, it can be said that the novel maintains the fact that the caste system involves religious influence or authority in the hierarchy of society. Hosseinis Kite Runner takes its noble strength at the saying that true friendships hold no borders and adheres to no rules. The societal rules and roles do not prevent Amir and Hassan from forming a deep friendship that could defy the structure of their caste system and prove that human relationships are not limited to social status. The novel imparts that one can find a friend everywhere, in all aspects of life even when there is the presence of caste system in any forms. Unfortunately, this conception is being overshadowed by those bullies who are greatly consumed by the idea of social class or status and are not open-minded enough to think of social equality and fairness. In the novel, the separation of class and religion, though Amir and Hassan share some conversations about the concepts of trust, integrity and friendship, their neighborhood friends do not appreciate or acknowledge Hassans role in the society and instead, the neighborhood boys ridicule and make fun of him due to his lower status. The neighborhood boys reflect how people stigmatized those who are not endowed with wealth and power, a fact still evident nowadays. The involvement of the United States in the story plays a crucial role in presenting the powerful Amir to set a clear line between who is wealthy and powerful and who is unfortunate and bullied.

Witty Valentines Day Quotes and Quips

Witty Valentine's Day Quotes and Quips Set aside those mushy, sentimental words of love. Valentines Day is the perfect occasion to tease your lover with the naughty humor of these quotes. Funny words may bring a smile, but witty jabs add a spark to the relationship. This Valentines Day, roll on the floor with laughter. Helen Rowland A husband is what is left of the lover after the nerve is extracted. Brendan Francis A man is already halfway in love with any woman who listens to him. Miguel De Cervantes Absence: that common cure of love. Aerosmith Falling in love is so hard on the knees. Ogie,  Waitress If I had a penny for everything I love about you, I would have many pennies. Author Unknown If love is blind, why is lingerie so popular? Laurence J. Peter Its better to have loved and lost than to do forty pounds of laundry a week. Henny Youngman Ive been in love with the same woman for forty-one years. If my wife finds out, shell kill me. Jonathan Swift Lord! I wonder what fool it was that first invented kissing. Cathy Carlyle Love is an electric blanket with somebody else in control of the switch. Jules Renord Love is like an hour glass, with the heart filling up as the brain empties. W. Somerset Maugham Love is only a dirty trick played on us to achieve continuation of the species. Woody Allen Love is the answer, but while youre waiting for the answer, sex raises some pretty good questions. John Barrymore Love is the delightful interval between meeting a beautiful girl and discovering that she looks like a haddock. Reed Bennet, Valentines Day Love is the only shocking act left on the planet. William Caxton Love lasteth as long as the money endureth. Richard Friedman Money will buy you a fine dog, but only love can make it wag its tail. Charles Dickens Never sign a Valentine with your own name. Albert Einstein No, this trick wont work. How on earth are you ever going to explain in terms of chemistry and physics so important a biological phenomenon as first love? Henry Kissinger Nobody will ever win the battle of the sexes. Theres too much fraternizing with the enemy. Erich Segal True love comes quietly, without banners or flashing lights. If you hear bells, get your ears checked. Marie E. Eschenbach We dont believe in rheumatism and true love until after the first attack. Oscar Wilde Women are made to be loved, not understood. Henny Youngman You can’t buy love, but you can pay heavily for it.

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 20

Research - Essay Example One of his discoveries, that high vacuums can be created by using cooled charcoal, was quite useful in the field of atomic physics. The purpose behind the creation of the Dewar flask was to serve as an aid while working with liquid gases. The Dewar flask is a container to stores substances like liquid air in the hot or cold form. There is vacuum in between the two flasks it contains, which serves to prevent a change in temperature by reducing the transfer of heat. The glass walls are not strong heat conductors and the transfer of heat by radiation is further reduced by lining the walls with a reflective metal like silver. The flask is seated on a spring with a container made of metal or plastic to absorb shock. The air between the container and the flask serves to insulate the setup. Sir James Dewar had not manufactured the vacuum flask for commercial use. Two German glass blowers in 1904 formed Thermos GmbH (Bellis 2015). The concept of vacuum flask has been used in the making of insulated bottles. The well-known name Thermos was not registered until 1906 when William B. Walker learned of the innovation of Paalen, Burger, and Aschenbrenner and gained the rights of exclusive manufacturing and marketing of thermoses in the US (Bryk 2015). The thermos insulated bottle became popular all across the US in no time. The picture of the glass-lined aluminum vacuum sealed bottle is shown as follows: The bottle shown in the picture was made in 1915 by the â€Å"American Thermos Bottle Co. of Norwich, Connecticut† (Bryk 2015). In 1959, the company was named King Seeley Thermos (KST). The bottles were particularly used by outdoor laborers like construction crews who needed to keep the drinks hot or cold for extended periods of time. The raw materials mainly used to make thermos include stainless steel or plastic and glass. Stainless steel or plastic is used to make the outer cup whereas glass is used to make the inner cup. Nowadays, thermoses

The Value of Art in Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

The Value of Art in Education - Essay Example â€Å"Awareness of cultural heritage is seen as essential for understanding human experience and establishing a cultural identity† (Rusanen et al., 2011, p. 245). In Brindisi visual arts was used to help children express their thoughts and define their identity. In Barcelona children from different cultures were able to communicate and bridge their differences through visual narratives (Rusanen et al. 2011). As the author states, â€Å"Children receive cultural education based on the belief that its inclusion in the curriculum ensures social equity and that the arts can display and challenge social ideals and exemplify social constructions of the self as a performer within a cultural context â€Å" (Rusane et al., 2011, p. 245). The analysis of the projects in Portuguese revealed that artistic activities build vision; they increase motivation and enjoyment toward learning. Arts projects help students be actively involved in their own development (Rusanen et al., 2011). †Å"Meaningful activities should be understood to include children’s opinions, ideas and creative solutions that address the conditions of their lives† (Rusanen et al., 2011, p. 262). Educators are expose students to learning activities in the belief that this that enhances their social and cultural development, although as these examples show, the emphasis can vary from one location to another, depending on the values and issues that are judged to be relevant to local conditions. In India arts education has been recognized as formal from the 1798s. Indian people believe that arts education develops character, shapes critical thinking skills, and establishes aesthetic judgment (Kantawala, 2012). In Botswana the integration of arts... This paper approves Arts education is essential for the development of people’s philosophy; it enhances learners’ psychological, ethical, and spiritual growth. However, history shows that arts and cultural programs have always been treated as subjects of secondary importance. Over time the role of arts has been downgraded because of different barriers existing in education system. According to the paper learning music and dance strengthens students’ relationship development and establishes an environment of mutual understanding, care, and intimacy. Learning within a community allows individual students gain information about each other, develop interest in reciprocity, and build skills for team working and leadership. Students participating in learning music and dance demonstrated high motivation, This essay makes a conclusion that the NCLB Act has provided a much needed focus on the children who require support to achieve minimum standards in their educational experience, but there are some unintended consequences which arise when core competencies such as math and English are emphasized at the expense of arts subjects. Bogdan states, â€Å"Massive arts funding slashes in my own country were recently made by a federal government that believes support for the arts be left to the marketplace†. These recent developments in American education are currently causing students to lose out on opportunities of obtaining the kind of all-round education that is suitable and necessary for 21st Century life.

Women in the Military :: Women in Military Essays

Women in the Military   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gun shots go over head. Bang, boom, run, run, run, hurry, go, boom, is all that can be heard. It’s completely dark outside. You can barely see ten feet in front of your face. All that can be seen is outlined figures of individuals running every which way. Shouting is coming from every direction. What should you do? Every second you think leaves your body vulnerable. You are in the middle of a high intensity fire fight. All of sudden you feel a little weak in the knees. You are still standing up, but you cannot walk even one step. You feel faint, almost a sick type of feeling. You look down and you notice blood coming from your body. Then it becomes apparent†¦you have been shot. You fall to the ground; everything is in slow motion and you yell as loud as possible for help. Medivac is on the way but you have to be carried a half a mile away from the conflict for them to pick you up. Can the individuals on your team carry your body all that way. After all they are tired as it is. What if the only person that could be counted on is a woman who is not able to lift you†¦then what? Because women do not go through the same physical standards as men, they should not be allowed to serve in the United States Military.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now I don’t want to sound like a woman basher. I believe women are capable of doing the same roles as men do. They need to undergo the basic training standards as men though. Here are a few interesting facts about basic training physical test standards in the United States Marine Corps for men and women. The Marine Corps has the hardest physical standards among all the branches in the military. Men have to run a three mile course in twenty-six minutes. Women have to run the exact same three mile course, but they are allowed an additional six minutes to do it in. They have to do run in a maximum time of thirty-two minutes. Does this seem right? This is not all. Men also have to complete three pull-ups before going to the next test; women, only one. Men have to do fifty push-ups and sixty-five sit-ups each in a time of two minutes. Not women. They only have to do thirty push-ups and only a pathetic fifty sit-ups in that same amount of time.

Is it ethical to feed live food to reptiles

Is it ethical to feed live food to exotic pets? Abstract Live food items are often fed to exotic pet species whether they be birds, amphibians, reptiles or mammals. This raises issues of welfare, both of the animals fed live prey Items and the prey Itself. Concerns over live food welfare are particularly marked In the feeding of vertebrate prey Items and evidence presented here shows the prolonged time taken for rodents to die, this fuelling these concerns.And yet the welfare of all exotic pets relies both on providing optimal nutrition and ensuring, as such as possible, that their natural behaviors can be expressed. Does that mean that predatory species must be fed live prey? This paper discusses this problem and seeks potential solutions. Introduction Many of the â€Å"exotic† species that are kept as pets (companion animals) or for study, or which form part of a zoo or rescue centre, are wholly or partly carnivorous and therefore require food of animal origin.Many omnivores also feed In part on live or dead animals and some essentially herbivorous/carnivorous species, such as finches (Freeloading), require invertebrate food when they are nestlings. In this paper emphasis is on the provision of still living food, but brief mention will be made of dead animals. The discussion relates mainly to live food given to captive exotic animals but it must be remembered that free-living Individuals also kill and eat live prey. The use of live food Food comprising live animals or their derivatives is widely considered to serve two main purposes.First, from a nutritive perspective, It contains important, sometimes essential, amino acids, vitamins and other nutrients; secondly, from a behavioral viewpoint It provides captive animals with stimulation, especially when It Is resented to them in an imaginative way, providing a very important form of environmental enrichment. The subject of â€Å"live-feeding† of animals in zoos and private collections has become a specialist topic, with numerous papers in the literature about how best such diets should be chosen and presented. These include precautions to minimize damage to the prey species by attacks from the animals provided as live food. O be well-substantiated; as noted above, it provides behavioral enrichment and represents a natural or near-natural method of providing essential nutrition . There s, however, another important consideration, which is sometimes forgotten or ignored. This is the question of the wellbeing of the live food that is being offered. After all, the food consists of living animals which, regardless of their taxonomic status, may be subjected to and affected by stresses, including pain during the period before and during being eaten. There are several stages at which the prey species may be subjected to stresses.The first of these is during production or collection. Live food is either bred in captivity or collected in the wild and in many cases such breeding or c ollection may involve stress for the animals involved. When offered as food, prior to being devoured the live food prey item is often in what for it is an unusual, an â€Å"alien† environment. It may, for example, be exposed to abnormally high temperatures or bright lights, rendering the individual, by definition, vulnerable to attack/apprehension by the animal to which it is being fed.The key welfare issue for many animals provided as live food will be when they are being devoured. Some live food is killed almost instantaneously by the predator, using physical or chemical means from trauma to veneration, both of these potentially rendering the prey immobile while losing consciousness. In such circumstances there may be little in risk of poor welfare. But often death takes much longer – for instance, a rodent constricted and thus killed by suffocation by a snake, or a cockroach dismembered while it is still alive.Some prey items may be swallowed whole and are therefore still alive – and presumably conscious – for some time until they die of asphyxia or the effect of the predator's gastric Juices; If not immediately devoured uneaten prey may be taken and consumed abstinently, perhaps on another day, but in the meantime it has to survive in an alien environment, often without water, food or appropriate shelter. Sometimes the prey item is never eaten, either because the predator is no longer hungry or because the prey escapes.As a result, it may die as a result of starvation, dehydration, hyperthermia or hypothermia in the predator's cage. It may, alternatively, establish itself in that cage or escape into the home/zoo environment. Here crickets (Grilled) are the best example. The debate Vertebrate food Some decades ago concern began to be voiced by some individuals and certain institutions about the practice of feeding live vertebrates to captive mammals, birds and reptiles. The methods employed began to be subjected to greater scruti ny and criticism as a greater understanding of, and sensitivity to, issues of animal welfare evolved.Society of London) introduced a ban on the feeding of living vertebrate food to its captive reptiles and instead to train the latter to take freshly-killed prey or items (for example, a freshly dead rabbit) that could be moved to simulate life or placed in an unusual environment, such as a hollow tube, to interest the hungry predator. In Britain, at any rate, many other zoos and herpetologists followed suit and by the late asses the use of dead, not living, prey was considered to be â€Å"good practice†.During the decade of the asses claims were regularly made by animal welfare groups that live-feeding was â€Å"illegal† in the I-J but these assertions were countered in lectures and articles (1). The point was made that there was no specific legal ban on live- feeding but that such a practice might lead to a prosecution under the Protection of Animals Acts (2). Herpetol ogists who still wanted to feed live food to their charges ere encouraged to take steps to minimize suffering in various ways – for example, by not leaving live food in the various for long periods of time and by providing shelter and water for it.Those recommendations in Britain were in a large part a modification and refinement of the approach taken by the senior author nearly a decade beforehand, when, in an attempt to encourage a more humane approach to live-feeding of snakes in East Africa, a document was drawn up by the Kenya Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (KAPPA). This is reproduced as Appendix A. Force-feeding† of non-living food is also a possibility, particularly used for ‘difficult' species such as Royal pythons (Python argues) but this can be stressful.Another argument used on both sides of the Atlantic, to dissuade reptile-keepers from feeding live vertebrate food was that the latter could easily attack and damage the predator speci es. Thus, for instance, live rodents put in Bavaria as food can cause severe skin lesions in snakes (3, 4, 5). Having said that, a casual glance through online video clips, as detailed further below, shows that live vertebrate prey are still fed to pitiless by a number of keepers. Invertebrate food Questioning the feeding of live invertebrates to captive animals is less common even today .In the asses an â€Å"animal rights† group based in Scotland lobbied for more awareness of the welfare needs of invertebrate animals and included in their concerns the use of crickets, maelstroms and other species as food items for captive mammals, birds and reptiles. In the past two decades interest amongst veterinarians and others in the health and welfare of invertebrates has grown (6, 7). In its wake, discussion and studies on whether or not invertebrates â€Å"suffer† pain have become reverent (7), including some limited analysis and discussions of the ethical considerations of u sing these animals as live prey.A problem, of course, is that the term â€Å"invertebrate† is very broad, covering around 30 distinct phyla, and the ability of such animals to react to a noxious stimulus varies greatly between, say, a coelenterate that has no generalized nervous system and a cephalic with a well-developed nervous system and pain responses (7). The main groups of invertebrate that are used as food for other animals are arthropods, phyla produce endorphins and may, therefore, be able not only to respond to pain by appropriate escape behavior but be aware of it.Research on the nematode Conservationist elegant, for instance, has shown that activation, an invertebrate homologue of morphogenesis, together with improprieties, modulates aversive activity that mimics behaviors associated with chronic pain in vertebrates (9). While such primitive species can exhibit inception, it would be questioned by many as to whether they feel pain, defined as ‘an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage' (italics added) (10).Even a single- led amoeba moves away from a noxious stimulus, but cannot be said to have an emotional response – so where on the evolutionary ‘ladder' does such a response occur? Certainly there are behavioral indicators of pain in several crustacean species (11) and some mollusks (12). In some situations such as the use of live insects in biomedical research, the approach advocated by certain authors has been â€Å"to give them (invertebrates) the benefit of the doubt† and therefore (for example) to employ an anesthetic agent when a procedure to be performed that might cause pain (13).Such a precautionary Renville has not apparently, however, been applied to the use of these same species as live food for mammals, birds or reptiles – and probably would not be realistic. We are, after all, here in a situation where the benefits of one species, the predat or, must be weighed against those of the prey species. Such is the very essence of nature. Hopefully, wherever possible, in a captive environment the welfare needs of both predator and prey can be considered and predator species trained to accept dead prey rather than live. ‘ A preliminary study of welfare of live prey speciesPerhaps a start on such a Journey is to ask for evidence regarding the welfare of prey species when being fed to a predator species. For that reason, we present here a preliminary study using online You Tube videos of various captive reptiles as the predator and mice, rats and crickets as live prey items. Clearly this cannot be a controlled study, but the videos were sampled by accessing the first ten adequate clips defined by ‘reptile eats live mouse', ‘reptile eats live rat', and ‘reptile eats live locust' and recording the time taken from apprehension of the prey item to death as determined by the time of last movement of prey item.It could be argued that the prey species may not lose consciousness until after that period and, in some cases, vivification by the prey item may occur after the last obvious movement, but in those documented in Table 1 this was not the case. The time to death as estimated by cessation of any movement was 62Ð’Â ±29 seconds for mice, 54Ð’Â ±21 seconds for rats and 18Ð’Â ±17 seconds for locusts, with ranges from 38 to 120 seconds for the mice, 24-82 seconds for the rats and 5-62 seconds for the locusts .These figures are clearly influenced by the size of both prey and of predator. Euthanasia of laboratory rodents by carbon dioxide may take 2-3 minutes (14) while cervical dislocation successfully killed animals apparently instantaneously in 79% of animals in one study (15). In another study electroencephalographic activity during the 30 seconds immediately (at 5 to 10 s), 10-15 seconds after exposure to 100% CO, 15-20 seconds after decapitation and at 20-25 seconds with cardi ac arrest caused by KC injection but not after administration of 70% CO (15).A painful and fear-provoking death taking p to 2 minutes as seen in many live food subjects would not, we argue, be acceptable in any circumstances. Interestingly, few if any rodents seemed aware that a predator shared the various with them, many mice actively investigating the snake until the moment of attack. Other rodents in the enclosure did not appear to show behavioral evidence of fear even when other rodents in the same various were attacked, constricted and killed.On the other hand, the fear and pain indicated by rapid movements and vacillations of the prey item, was clear in many of the cases as noted in Table 1 . These author found it disturbing to watch the video clips in many cases and we would argue that the suffering of prey species in many of these video clips and in many is contrary to the requirements of the Animal Welfare Act (2006) in the United Kingdom, as discussed further below. Discus sion There can be no hard-and-fast rules about the feeding of live food to captive animals.However we advocate that, if it is not necessary to sustain the life of the prey species in order to stimulate the predator to pretend and swallow, live-feeding should not take place.. When such a feeding practice is necessary – and is not De facto in intervention of legislation – it should be carried out with care and sensitivity and follow a code of practice. As noted at the beginning of this paper, there are two elements to live-feeding – the predator and the prey – and these both warrant a humane approach.Although reptiles have attracted particular attention in the debate about live-feeding, other carnivorous tax have also come under some scrutiny, especially in Europe. The feeding of large felid such as lions, tigers and cheetahs with live vertebrates, such as rodents or alligators, has long ceased to be accepted practice in zoos in cost of Europe. The use of l iving animals, such as mice or quail, to encourage falconers' birds and wildlife casualties to perfect their hunting skills has, likewise, been officially phased-out.Some of the practices alluded to above have stopped because of public attitudes but legislation has also, indirectly, had a result. Thus, for example, the I-J Animal Welfare Act 2006, while not specifically outlawing the feeding of live food to carnivorous species, puts an onus of responsibility on keepers on a duty of care to all animals in their possession and thus an obligation to ensure as far as possible that ere species are killed before being offered as food.

History and Medication of ADHD - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 374 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/08/07 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: ADHD essay Did you like this example? Until the later half of the 20th cenutry, treating childhood behavior problems with medication was an almost nonexistent. The Americans migration toward psychiatric drug therapy for behavior-disordered children began in the 1960s, when American medical professional made it acceptable to use psychostimulants to treat symptoms to what is now described as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD. Over the last 30 years the rate of drug treatment for behavior problems has increased exponentially. Resulting in the prescription of ADHD drug treatment for 5 to 6 million American children every year. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "History and Medication of ADHD" essay for you Create order The high rate of prescription for Ritalin and expensive brand-name drugs such as Adderall, Concerta, and Metadate reflect a reliance on psychotropic drugs in American healthcare practices. The all time high levels of drug treatment for child behavior problems are raising questions and concerns by professionals, media commentators, and the public about the possibility of overdiagnosis of ADHD in youth and the possibility of overprescribing stimulant medications. What is not being considered in this debate is the role corporate greed plays in over diagnosing cases of ADHD. An article by Harvard Medical School reads, Experts estimate that 5% is a realistic upper limit of children with the disorder (ADHD), but in many areas of the country, as Watson found in Virginia, up to 33% of children are diagnosed with ADHD. Schwarz explores how this came to pass. He investigates pharmaceutical companies collaboration with leading academic experts and celebrities combined with aggressive direct-to-consumer advertising campaigns to boost recognition of and pharmacotherapy for the condition. Schwartz believes the overdiagnosis of ADHD is due to the medias recent positive attitude and attention toward it. He is using the logical fallacy of a slippery slope. He believes that when people see celebrities normalizing ADHD, these people start showing symptoms, and are then diagnosed with ADHD, which has lead to the rapid increase in ADHD diagnosis. The newfound celebrity attention and advocacy for ADHD alone is not enough to have resulted in such an exponential increase in ADHD diagnosis. In another article, by Allen Frances says, I was always suspicious that the high rates of diagnosis and prescription for ADHD came about because researchers based their figures on reports from parents, who in turn based their beliefs on teachers or doctors with no credible evidence.